Poverty hits children first?

SummaryPoverty is a risk factor for mental health problems during childhood and adolescence in general. The economic crisis (2007–2013) seemed to have intensified poverty in families within the most affected countries, esp. in the southern countries of Europe. Within a selective literature review, existing data on the risk of poverty, mental disorders in parents and further risk factors on mental health of children are analyzed. Direct effects like limited access to mental health care system may exist, but are not proved in general. From a developmental perspective, effects of the crisis seem more indirectly mediated by well-known risk factors for psychiatric disorders of children and adolescents: substance abuse in families, mental disorders of parents and loss of perspectives within families are risk factors both on mental health of a child but also for a low educational level which would be a resilience factor. There is evidence that an increase of child abuse and neglect (adverse childhood experiences, ACE) was linked to the economic crisis. Long-term effects e.g. due to ACE may be observed in later times, when children are grown-up.

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Evidence-Based Practice in School Mental Health

10.1093/oso/9780190886578.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Adolescent Psychopathology ◽

Real Life ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Dsm 5 ◽

School Based ◽

K 12

Schools have become the default mental health providers for children and adolescents, but they are often poorly equipped to meet the mental health needs of their students. The introduction tackles how to make students eligible for school-based services using the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Using the new DSM-5 as an organizing principle, this book then addresses the 12 most common mental disorders of childhood and adolescence, ages 3–18. While there are many books that address child and adolescent psychopathology, this book focuses on how to help students with mental disorders in pre-K–12 schools. Each chapter addresses the prevalence of a disorder in school-age populations, appropriate diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, comorbid disorders, rapid assessment instruments available, school-based interventions using multitiered systems of support, and easy-to-follow suggestions for progress monitoring. Unique to this book, each chapter has detailed suggestions for how school-based clinicians can collaborate with teachers, parents, and community providers to address the needs of youth with mental health problems so that school, home, and community work together. Each chapter ends with a list of extensive web resources and a real-life case example drawn from the clinical practice of the authors. The final chapter addresses two newly proposed diagnoses for self-harm in the DSM-5 and brings a cautious and sensible approach to assessing and helping students who may be at risk for serious self-injury or suicide.

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Chronic mental health problems and use of mental health services among adults with and without adverse childhood experiences: a 6-year longitudinal population-based study

Journal of Mental Health ◽

10.1080/09638237.2021.1922633 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Peter G. van der Velden ◽

Hedwig J. A. van Bakel ◽

Evi S. A. de Cock ◽

Carlo Contino ◽

Marcel Das

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Health Services ◽

Health Services ◽

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Population Based ◽

Health Problems ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Adverse Childhood

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An Overview of International Literature on School Interventions to Promote Mental Health and Well-being in Children and Adolescents

Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health ◽

10.2174/1745017901511010016 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 16-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mauro Giovanni Carta ◽

Teresa Di Fiandra ◽

Lorenzo Rampazzo ◽

Paolo Contu ◽

Antonio Preti

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Well Being ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

International Literature ◽

Special Issue ◽

School Interventions ◽

Health And Wellbeing

Introduction:Mental disorders are the largest cause of the burden of disease in the world. Most of the burden affecting adult life has its onset during childhood and adolescence. The European Pact for Mental Health and Wellbeing calls for immediate action and investments in the mental health of children and adolescents. Schools may be the ideal location for promoting health and delivering healthcare services, since schools are a location where young people usually spend their daytime and socialize, schools are easily accessible to families, can provide non-stigmatizing health actions, and form links with the community.Aims and Goals of this Special Issue:This issue is developed within the framework of the Joint Action on Mental Health promoted by the European Commission. This special issue presents a set of systematic reviews on the evidence of the international literature on school interventions for the promotion of the mental health and wellbeing of children and adolescents. It is focused on five topical main areas: promoting general health and wellbeing; programs targeting specific mental disorders and conditions and integration of adolescents with mental health problems; Bullying; Sport; Alcohol and Drugs. An additional paper on the results of the largest epidemiological study conducted in some European countries on the prevalence and relative risk factors of mental disorders in school-age completes the issue.Conclusion:These reviews are a first contribution to address future European research and interventions, in particular about the multiple ways through which European policies could support the schooling and wellbeing of children and adolescents.

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Racial discrimination and other adverse childhood experiences as risk factors for internalizing mental health concerns among Black youth

Journal of Traumatic Stress ◽

10.1002/jts.22760 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Donte L. Bernard ◽

Quinton Smith ◽

Paul Lanier

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Racial Discrimination ◽

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

Black Youth ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Health Concerns ◽

Adverse Childhood ◽

Mental Health Concerns

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The Clustering of Adverse Childhood Experiences in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: Are Gender and Poverty Important?

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260520935096 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 088626052093509 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rebecca E. Lacey ◽

Laura D. Howe ◽

Michelle Kelly-Irving ◽

Mel Bartley ◽

Yvonne Kelly

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Health Problems ◽

Parental Mental Health ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Close Family Member ◽

Parents And Children ◽

Adverse Childhood ◽

Avon Longitudinal Study ◽

Close Family

Previous research has demonstrated a graded relationship between the number of Adverse Childhood Experiences reported (an ACE score) and child outcomes. However, ACE scores lack specificity and ignore the patterning of adversities, which are informative for interventions. The aim of the present study was to explore the clustering of ACEs and whether this clustering differs by gender or is predicted by poverty. Data on 8,572 participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were used. ALSPAC is a regionally representative prenatal cohort of children born between 1991 and 1992 in the Avon region of South-West England. ACEs included parental divorce, death of a close family member, interparental violence, parental mental health problems, parental alcohol misuse, parental drug use, parental convictions, and sexual, emotional, and physical abuse, between birth and 19 years. Latent class analysis was used to derive ACE clusters and associations between poverty, gender, and the derived classes tested using multinomial logistic regression. Five latent classes were identified: “Low ACEs” (55%), “Parental separation and mother’s mental health problems” (18%), “Parental mental health problems, convictions and separation” (15%), “Abuse and mental health problems” (6%), and “Poly adversity” (6%). Death of a close family member and sexual abuse did not cluster with other adversities. The clustering did not differ by gender. Poverty was strongly related to both individual ACEs and clusters. These findings demonstrate that ACEs cluster in specific patterns and that poverty is strongly related to this. Therefore, reducing child poverty might be one strategy for reducing ACEs.

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How knowledge of adverse childhood experiences can help pediatricians prevent mental health problems.

Families Systems & Health ◽

10.1037/fsh0000179 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 128-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ariane Marie-Mitchell ◽

Karen R. Studer ◽

Thomas G. O'Connor

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Health Problems ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Adverse Childhood

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Negative childhood experiences and mental health: theoretical, clinical and primary prevention implications

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096727 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 200 (2) ◽

pp. 89-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

John Read ◽

Richard P. Bentall

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Primary Prevention ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Negative Events ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Psychological Mechanisms ◽

Adverse Childhood Events ◽

Neurodevelopmental Model ◽

Adverse Childhood

SummaryAfter decades of ignoring or minimising the prevalence and effects of negative events in childhood, researchers have recently established that a broad range of adverse childhood events are significant risk factors for most mental health problems, including psychosis. Researchers are now investigating the biological and psychological mechanisms involved. In addition to the development of a traumagenic neurodevelopmental model for psychosis, the exploration of a range of psychological processes, including attachment and dissociation, is shedding light on the specific aetiologies of discrete phenomena such as hallucinations and delusions. It is argued that the theoretical, clinical and primary prevention implications of our belated focus on childhood are profound.

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Innovative Ways to Promote Children’s Mental Health: Developing Accessible and Sustainable School Mental Health Services in Pakistan

Annals of King Edward Medical University ◽

10.21649/akemu.v24i1.2345 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 565-567

Author(s):

Nazish Imran

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Health Services ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

School Mental Health ◽

World Health ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Young Population ◽

The Third ◽

Health Organization

According to World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 10-15% of children and adolescents worldwide suffer from mental health problems.(1) The WHO also highlights that “Lack of attention to mental health of children & adolescents may lead to mental disorders with lifelong consequences, undermines compliance with health regimens and reduces the capacity of societies to be safe and productive”. (2) More than half of all mental disorders have an onset in childhood and adolescence with suicide being the third leading cause of death among adolescents. (1), (3) Child & adolescent mental health thus needs to be considered & emphasized as an integral component of overall health & growth of young population. Youth with positive mental health have positive self-efficacy beliefs, are productive and able to tackle developmental challenges adequately.

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Association between maternal adverse childhood experiences and mental health problems in offspring: An intergenerational study

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579420000334 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Satomi Doi ◽

Takeo Fujiwara ◽

Aya Isumi

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Behavior Problems ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Social Economic ◽

Economic Status ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Social Economic Status ◽

Adolescent Offspring ◽

Adverse Childhood

Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the association between maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and mental health problems in adolescent offspring. Data were obtained from the population-based Kochi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (K-CHILD) study in 2016, and participants were 10,810 children in the fifth grade (3,144 pairs), eighth grade (3,497 pairs), and eleventh grade (4,169 pairs) living in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. Mothers of participating children were asked about their ACEs, childhood social economic status, current mental and physical health, current social economic status, positive parenting behaviors, child maltreatment, marital status, and child behavior problems using the Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire. Children reported their depressive symptoms using the Depression Self-Rating Scale. Children of mothers with a larger number of ACEs showed higher levels of behavior problems (p for trend <.001) and depressive symptoms (p for trend <.001), adjusting for potential confounders. In particular, maternal psychological distress mediated the association between maternal ACEs and child mental health. The adverse effects of maternal ACEs may have a direct intergenerational impact on behavior problems and depressive symptoms in adolescent offspring. Further studies to elucidate possible mediators are needed.

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