scholarly journals Susceptibility of Incisional Site Staphylococcus spp. to Three Common Perioperative Antimicrobials in Dogs Undergoing Clean Orthopaedic Procedures

VCOT Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. e158-e163
Author(s):  
Po-Yen Chou ◽  
Duane Robinson ◽  
Amy S. Kapatkin ◽  
Steven E. Epstein ◽  
Michelle A. Giuffrida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Coagulase Positive Staphylococci

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility pattern of the incisional site Staphylococcus spp. to three commonly used perioperative antimicrobials in dogs. Materials and Methods A cohort of client-owned dogs was included in this prospective observational study. After induction of general anaesthesia and hair clipping, culture samples were collected from the incisional site of healthy dogs before orthopaedic surgery. The isolated colonies were identified. The susceptibility pattern of staphylococcal isolates was determined using Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute standards. The staphylococcal susceptibilities to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefpodoxime were compared with cefazolin using two-sided equality of proportions test. Results A total of 391 bacterial isolates were identified in 115 dogs. Bacillus spp. (n = 200) and Staphylococcus spp. (n = 95) were the most common bacteria isolated. Coagulase- positive and -negative staphylococci were isolated in 44 and 38% of dogs respectively. Cefazolin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefpodoxime staphylococcal susceptibilities were 68, 77 and 76% respectively. There were no significant differences in Staphylococcus spp. susceptibility between amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or cefpodoxime and cefazolin (p = 0.19, p = 0.25). Thirty-six per cent of coagulase-negative staphylococci and 6% of coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated were methicillin resistant. Conclusion Cefazolin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefpodoxime had similar susceptibilities for staphylococcal isolates. Routine use of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or cefpodoxime in replace of cefazolin should be practiced with caution.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Staphylococcus Species from Clinical Samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Vaginal Swab ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Agar Disc ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

The research was aimed to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus species from clinical samples obtained from some hospitals in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. The ear swab, high vaginal swab (HVS), wound swab and urine samples from the patients attending the hospitals were collected and inoculated onto the surface of freshly prepared Nutrient agar for bacterial isolation. The bacteria isolated were identified by conventional microbiological methods namely; Gram staining, biochemical test (such as catalase, coagulase, and DNase test), mannitol salt agar and heamolysis test. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the agar disc diffusion method. The result showed that S. aureus was highly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin 105 (68.63%), Gentamicin 102 (66.67%), Levofloxacin 95 (62.08%) and Amikacin 90 (58.82%), S. epidermidis was highly susceptible to Gentamicin 13 (61.90%), Levofloxacin 12 (57.14%) and Nitrofurantoin 11 (52.38%) while S. saprophyticus was highly susceptible to Cefoxitin 7 (77.78%), Gentamicin 6 (66.67%) and Nitrofurantoin 5 (55.56%). On the other hand, S. aureus was highly resistant to Cefuroxime 153 (100%), Ceftazidime 150 (98.04%), Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 120 (78.43%) and Cloxacillin 111 (72.55%), S. epidermidis was highly resistant to Ceftazidime 20 (95.24%), Cloxacillin 19 (90.48%) then Cefoxitin, Erythromycin and Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid with 15 (71.43%) both. S. saprophyticus was highly resistant to Cefepime 9 (100%), Cloxacillin 8 (88.89%), Ceftazidime 7 (77.78%), Imipenem and Erythromycin with 6 (66.67%) respectively. There is a statistical difference in the sensitivity of the isolates against the antibiotics used at p<0.05. It is concluded that Staphylococcus species develop resistance to some classes of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Finding of coagulase negative staphylococci in the herd with an increased number of somatic cells in milk and their antimicrobial susceptibility

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 175-185
Author(s):  
Vera Katic ◽  
Natasa Rajic-Savic
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are generally considered to be opportunistic pathogens. Controlling CNS mastitis is difficult because the epidemiology is not clear, and the CNS group consists of about 40 different Staphylococcus species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of coagulasenegative staphylococci in milk of the cows with subclinical mastitis, as well as to determine different CNS species isolated from quarter milk samples for their susceptibility to antimicrobials used commonly for mastitis therapy. On the farm where there was found an increase of somatic cells in bulk milk, 112 dairy cows were examined by mastitis test. From 52 udder quarters where mastitis test showed an increase of somatic cells, milk samples were taken for bacteriological examination. For isolating the causes of mastitis there was used blood agar. Identification of the causative agents of mastitis was carried out on the basis of colony appearance on blood agar and their physiological characteristics. Coagulasepositive staphylococci sensitivity which cause mastitis was tested by Kirby Bauer method. For susceptibility testing there were used commercially produced discs containing: 10 IU penicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20 +10 ?g), cloxacillin 25 ?g, 30 ?g amoxicillin, cephalexin 30 ?g, ceftiofur 30 ?g, 15 ?g lincomycin, gentamicin and tetracycline 30 ?g. The sensitivity of microorganisms was evaluated on the basis of inhibition zone diameter recommended by the manufacturer and was labeled as sensitive (S) moderately sensitive (I) or resistant (R). Coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated from 61.53% of samples from cows with subclinical mastitis, making them the most common cause of subclinical mastitis. The highest resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci was found to penicillin G (58.33% of isolates). Full sensitivity of coagulase-negative staphylococci was found to amoxicillin / clavulanic acid (100% of isolates), a good sensitivity to ceftiofur (83.33% of isolates), cefalexin (70.83% of isolates) and ceftriaxone (41.66% of isolates).

scholarly journals Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Amoxicillin Combined With Clavulanic Acid in Healthy and Critically Ill Dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria D. Vegas Cómitre ◽  
Stefano Cortellini ◽  
Marc Cherlet ◽  
Mathias Devreese ◽  
Beatrice B. Roques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Clinical Failure ◽  
Clinical Covariates ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Healthy Dogs

Background: Data regarding antimicrobial pharmacokinetics (PK) in critically ill dogs are lacking and likely differ from those of healthy dogs. The aim of this work is to describe a population PK model for intravenous (IV) amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (AMC) in both healthy and sick dogs and to simulate a range of clinical dosing scenarios to compute PK/PD cutoffs for both populations.Methods: This study used a prospective clinical trial in normal and critically ill dogs. Twelve client-owned dogs hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) received IV AMC 20 mg/kg every 8 h (0.5-h infusion) during at least 48 h. Eight blood samples were collected at predetermined times, including four trough samples before the next administration. Clinical covariates and outcome were recorded, including survival to discharge and bacteriologic clinical failure. Satellite PK data were obtained de novo from a group of 12 healthy research dogs that were dosed with a single AMC 20 mg/kg IV. Non-linear mixed-effects model was used to estimate the PK parameters (and the effect of health upon them) together with variability within and between subjects. Monte Carlo simulations were performed with seven dosage regimens (standard and increased doses). The correlation between model-derived drug exposure and clinical covariates was tested with Spearman's non-parametric correlation analysis. Outcome was recorded including survival to discharge and bacteriologic clinical failure.Results: A total of 218 amoxicillin concentrations in plasma were available for healthy and sick dogs. A tricompartmental model best described the data. Amoxicillin clearance was reduced by 56% in sick dogs (0.147 L/kg/h) compared with healthy dogs (0.336 L/kg/h); intercompartmental clearance was also decreased (p &lt;0.01). None of the clinical data covariates were significantly correlated with individual exposure. Monte Carlo simulations showed that higher PK/PD cutoff values of 8 mg/L could be reached in sick dogs by extending the infusion to 3 h or doubling the dose.Conclusions: The PK of AMC is profoundly different in critically ill dogs compared with normal dogs, with much higher interindividual variability and a lower systemic clearance. Our study allows to generate hypotheses with regard to higher AMC exposure in clinical dogs and provides supporting data to revise current AMC clinical breakpoint for IV administration.

scholarly journals Emergence of Resistance in Normal Human Aerobic Commensal Flora during Telithromycin and Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid Treatments

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 2030-2035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Claude Crémieux ◽  
Claudette Muller-Serieys ◽  
Xavière Panhard ◽  
Frédérique Delatour ◽  
Marina Tchimichkian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Commensal Flora ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Group A ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance ◽  
Acid Treatments

ABSTRACT Mean fecal global yeast counts increased similarly during 7 days of treatment with telithromycin (800 mg once daily) or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (amoxiclav) (1 g of amoxicillin and 125 mg of clavulanic acid 3 times daily) in human volunteers and decreased slowly thereafter. On skin, coagulase-negative staphylococci of decreased susceptibility (DS) to telithromycin increased in the telithromycin group, whereas those with DS to methicillin increased in the amoxiclav group. A similar antibiotic-related shift towards homologous DS was observed for oral nongroupable streptococci (NGS), but in addition, the prevalence of NGS resistant to both classes of antibiotics was significantly greater in the amoxiclav group at days 8 (P < 0.01) and 45 (P < 0.015).

Outcome following Staphylococcal Peritonitis

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon J. Peacock ◽  
Paul A. Howe ◽  
Nicholas P.J. Day ◽  
Derrick W.M. Crook ◽  
Christopher G. Winearls ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter ◽  
Dialysis Catheter ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Dialysis Unit ◽  
Abdominal Complications ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Objective Staphylococcus spp predominate as the causative pathogen of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)-related peritonitis. This study evaluated the difference in morbidity and mortality between peritonitis caused by S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Design Prospective observational study. Setting A single regional dialysis unit in a teaching hospital. Patients Thirty-seven patients had S. aureus peritonitis and 65 patients had CoNS peritonitis between July 1990 and November 1995. Main Outcome Measures Using the first recorded episode of peritonitis, survival analysis was performed for time to ( 1 ) death, ( 2 ) removal of peritoneal dialysis catheter, and ( 3 ) change to hemodialysis. Abdominal complications were recorded for the first and subsequent episodes. Results No difference in time to death was demonstrated for the two groups ( p = 0.79), although two deaths that occurred during therapy for peritonitis were attributable to S. aureus infection. In addition, 5 patients developed serious abdominal complications related to an episode of S. aureus peritonitis. Patients with S. aureus peritonitis had a shorter time to both peritoneal dialysis catheter removal ( p = 0.004) and change to hemodialysis ( p = 0.014). The change in mode of dialysis was independent of catheter loss. Conclusion This study highlights the serious nature of S. aureus peritonitis and confirms the need for effective preventive measures against infection by this pathogen.

Relative Oral Bioavailability of Two Amoxicillin–Clavulanic Acid Formulations in Healthy Dogs: A Pilot Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Moczarnik ◽  
Darren J. Berger ◽  
James O. Noxon ◽  
Dana N. LeVine ◽  
Zhoumeng Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Oral Bioavailability ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Pilot Investigation ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Healthy Dogs

ABSTRACT The use of human generic amoxicillin–clavulanic acid formulations in veterinary medicine is currently lacking supportive evidence. This pilot study was conducted to determine preliminary pharmacokinetic parameters and relative oral bioavailability of a human generic and veterinary proprietary 4:1 amoxicillin–clavulanic acid formulation in healthy dogs to evaluate whether drug exposure was similar and to determine if further comparative investigation is warranted. Each dog received a single oral dose of each formulation containing 500:125 mg of amoxicillin–clavulanic acid at two separate instances with a 2 wk washout period between product administration. Following drug administration, blood was collected at fixed times over 24 hr to measure plasma amoxicillin and clavulanic acid concentrations using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. There were no statistically significant differences between pharmacokinetic parameters of either formulation. Clavulanic acid showed greater between-dog variation in drug exposure between formulations compared with amoxicillin and was also observed to be more variable within the veterinary proprietary formulation. The average relative oral bioavailability was 98.2% (23.6% coefficient of variation) for amoxicillin and 152.6% (64.3% coefficient of variation) for clavulanic acid between formulations. This pilot investigation supports the need for further bioequivalence studies regarding these formulations before commenting on product interchangeability.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activity of Moxifloxacin against Bacteria Isolated from Odontogenic Abscesses

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 4019-4021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo Sobottka ◽  
Georg Cachovan ◽  
Enno Stürenburg ◽  
M. Oliver Ahlers ◽  
Rainer Laufs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Viridans Group Streptococci

ABSTRACT We evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility of 87 pathogens isolated from 37 patients with odontogenic abscesses. The most prevalent bacteria were viridans group streptococci and Prevotella species. Considering all bacterial isolates, 100% were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 98% were susceptible to moxifloxacin and to levofloxacin, 76% were susceptible to doxycycline, 75% were susceptible to clindamycin, and 69% were susceptible to penicillin.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacteria Isolated from Fitness Machines in Selected Fitness Centers at Akure and Elizade University in Ondo State Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
O. S. Fadare ◽  
O. B. Durojaye
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Physiological Solution ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Aim: This study seeks to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from surfaces of fitness machines at fitness center located at Elizade University and Akure town. Methods: Samples were collected from the different site of gym equipment including thread mill (handle, floor), bicep bench (handle), bike (handle, paddle), cruncher (handle, elbow) using sterile swab stick moistened with sterile buffered physiological solution. The swab sticks were immediately transferred to the laboratory for analysis. Standard microbiological techniques were used to identify the bacterial isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined by using standard antibiotics discs.  Results: Out of the 31 isolates identified, Staphylococcus aureus 12(38.7%) was the predominant bacteria followed by Bacillus spp. 11(35.5%), Klebsiella spp. 4(12.9%), E. coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus 2(6.45%) and Enterococcus spp. 1(3.23%). The susceptibility profile showed that all isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin (AM) and Augmentin (AU), Staphylococcus spp. isolated from different surfaces shows different susceptibility pattern to the used antibiotics, while Bacillus spp. Klebsiella spp. and E. coli also confer resistance to more than one commonly used antibiotic. Conclusion: The results showed the occurrence of potential pathogenic bacteria in which their presence on the equipment surfaces could easily be transmitted between users and to the environment generally. The spread of these potential pathogenic microorganisms in the fitness centre can be prevented through frequent hand washing and use of hand sanitizer as well as daily cleaning of equipment surfaces before and after activities with disinfectants.

scholarly journals Drug resistance and susceptibility testing of Gram negative bacterial isolates from healthy cattle with different β – Lactam resistance Phenotypes from Shandong province China

2023 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Arbab ◽  
H. Ullah ◽  
X. Wei ◽  
W. Wang ◽  
S. U. Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Healthy Cattle ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of common antibiotics against different microorganisms in apparently healthy cattle in Shandong province and its suburb. A total of 220 nasal swab samples were collected and cultured for bacteriological evaluation. All the bacteria isolates after preliminary identification were subjected to antibiogram studies following disc diffusion method. It was found in the study that E. coli is the most commonly associated isolate (21%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Salmonella spp. (15%), Shigella spp (12%), and Proteus spp (11%). While the antibiogram studies reveled that highest number of bacterial isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin (95%), followed by Augmentin (91%), Cefuroxime (85%) and Tetracycline (95%) of (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp). In the case of pseudomonas spp. and Salmonella the highest resistance was showed by Ampicillin (90%) followed by Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (80%), Cefixime (90%), and Erythromycin (80%). In Shigella spp and Salmonella spp highest resistance was showed by Amoxicillin, Ceftazidime, Augmentin (60%), and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (50%). It is concluded that in vitro antibiogram studies of bacterial isolates revealed higher resistance for Ampicillin, Augmentin, Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid. The high multiple Antibiotics resistance indexes (MARI) observed in all the isolates in this study ranging from 0.6 to 0.9. MARI value of >0.2 is suggests multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and indicate presence of highly resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Wound Infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
S Gul Nahar ◽  
M Bulbul Hasan ◽  
M Nawshad Ali ◽  
Mst Rokeya Khatun ◽  
K Khanam
Keyword(s):  
Wound Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Objective: The present study was done to see the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from wound infection.Methods: Wound swabs collected from 150 patients of wound infection were cultured and microbial isolates identified using standard methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done on bacterial isolates by Modified Kirby Bauer method.Results: Of the 150 swabs 131 (87.4%) were culture positive for bacterial pathogens, while 19 (12.6%) were bacteriologically sterile showing an isolation rate of 87.4%. The predominant bacteria isolated from the infected wounds were Staphylococcus aureus 47 (32.4%) followed by Escherichia coli 29 (20%), Proteus species 23 (16%), Coagulase negative Staphylococci 21 (14.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 14 (10%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 11 (8%).In case of gram positive bacteria- rate of isolates resistant to ampicillin was 94%, followed by penicillin G, 86.8%, Tetracycline, 51.5%. In case of gram negative bacteria- rate of isolates resistant to ampicillin was 96%, followed by cephalothin, 92.4%, Tetracycline, 74%.Conclusion: In antimicrobial susceptibility testing ampicillin, penicillin, cephalothin and tetracycline were the least effective. Gentamicin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin and amikacin were the most effective antibiotics.TAJ 2013; 26: 61-66

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