Eczematous Lesion of Nipple and Areola Treated with Individualised Homoeopathic Treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poulamy Singha Roy ◽  
Anupam Hazra ◽  
Pritam Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Breast Diseases ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Nipple Areolar Complex ◽  
Areolar Complex ◽  
Uncommon Presentation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Prompt Diagnosis

AbstractBreast and nipple–areolar complex has its own functional, sexual and cosmetic values. The skin around nipple and areola is prone to develop several kinds of infections during different stages of life ranging from mild-to-moderate dermatitis to neoplastic growths. Lack of knowledge of the patients about breast hygiene and the spectrum of the breast diseases among medical practitioners renders prompt diagnosis; hence, it develops several complications from its own array. Apparently, an uncommon presentation of dermatitis sometimes causes several complications at different stages of life and mostly during the period of lactation where the newborn suffers as a consequence of mother's illness. In this case, a female patient approached our outpatient department with complaints of itching and burning of nipple and areola with occasional discharge, which was diagnosed as eczema of nipple and areola after clinical examination. Initially, we started our treatment with Sulphur 30 and from then patient showed gradual improvement. Within a period of 1 month, patient showed promising improvement and it took 2 more months to subside other residual complaints. This case report not only portrays effectiveness of individualised homeopathy but also focuses on the cost-effectiveness of homeopathic treatments.

scholarly journals Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Female Breast Masquerading as Invasive Primary Breast Carcinoma: An Uncommon Presentation Site

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Mark B. Ulanja ◽  
Mohamed E. Taha ◽  
Arshad A. Al-Mashhadani ◽  
Marwah Muaad Al-Tekreeti ◽  
Christie Elliot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Basal Cell ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Radical Mastectomy ◽  
Caucasian Woman ◽  
Nipple Areolar Complex ◽  
Areolar Complex ◽  
Uncommon Presentation ◽  
The Face

Skin cancer as a single entity is the most common malignancy in North America, accounting for half of all human cancers. It comprises two types: melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. Of the nonmelanomas, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) constitutes about 80% of the cancers diagnosed every year. BCC usually occurs in sun-exposed areas such as the face and extremities. Occurrence in the nipple areolar complex is very rare. We present a case of a Caucasian woman who presented with what was initially thought to be invasive carcinoma of the breast involving the nipple areolar complex (NAC); however, the diagnosis was revealed to be a basal cell carcinoma after histopathological examination. The tumor was treated with modified radical mastectomy, with negative margins. The importance of this case lies in the rare site of presentation of basal cell carcinoma and the importance of early detection.

scholarly journals Cost effectiveness of clinical associates: A case study for the Mpumalanga province in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris Hamm ◽  
Petra Van Bodegraven ◽  
Martin Bac ◽  
Jakobus M. Louw
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Medical Practitioner ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Training Support ◽  
The Cost

Background: The National Department of Health of South Africa decided to start a programme to train mid-level healthcare workers, called clinical associates, as one of the measures to increase healthcare workers at district level in rural areas. Unfortunately, very little is known about the cost effectiveness of clinical associates.Aims: To determine, on a provincial level, the cost effectiveness of training and employing clinical associates and medical practitioners compared to the standard strategy of training and employing only more medical practitioners.Methods: A literature study was performed to answer several sub questions regarding the costs and effectiveness of clinical associates. The results were used to present a case study.Results: The total cost for a province to pay for the full training of a clinical associate is R 300 850. The average employment cost per year is R196 329 and for medical practitioners these costs are R 730 985 and R 559 397, respectively.Effectiveness: Clinical associates are likely to free up the time of a medical practitioner by 50–76%. They can provide the same quality of care as higher level workers, provided that they receive adequate training, support and supervision. Furthermore, they seem more willing to work in rural areas compared to medical practitioners.Conclusions: The case study showed that training and employing clinical associates is potentially a cost-effective strategy for a province to meet the increasing demand for rural healthcare workers. This strategy will only succeed when clinical associates receive adequate training, support and supervision and if the province keeps investing in them.

scholarly journals PHYSICIANS AND PRINCIPLE CENTERED DELIVERY OF HEALTH SERVICES

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (145) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
Ramesh Kant Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Medical Practices ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
The People ◽  
Education Medical ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACTHealth is the fundamental right of human beings and the constitution of Nepal also envisages that the statewill follow the policy of developing health of the people to improve their living standards. The nationalhealth policy and the evolution of health services in Nepal reveal that there have been attempts to reach allthe citizens with quality services. Health is defined and understood in different ways by different people.However, health of the population is determined by situation and services outside the purview of healthservices. The extent to which health services can influence health of the people is limited and there aregroups of people who advocate that the physicians be active outside the area of health services and medicalcare to promote health.Ideally the principles that guide the health services are equity, quality, relevance and cost- effectiveness,efficiency and compassion. The values of beneficence, non-malfeasance and autonomy also form thecornerstone of the health services. Review of the current health services in Nepal show that further effortsare needed for our health services to achieve those principles. The health services are yet to reach all thepopulation, there is a variation in the quality of services available at different places of the country. Thereis not much information on the cost-effectiveness of the services. A perusal of the health literature from thedeveloped countries recognize that medical harm is one of the important cause of illness but the similarstudies is lacking in our country. The issue of autonomy is still in infancy in Nepal. There is not muchevidence of efforts for quality assurance of the services available.A functional collaboration between medical education, health services and medical practitioners is expectedto achieve ideal values in the health services. There have been a number of international and nationalefforts to bring changes in medical education, medical practices and health care system to make the healthservices more equitable, relevant, and cost-effective and of high quality. The competences and attitudes thephysicians must have in order to provide principle-centered health services have been identified by a numberof studies. Similarly the ways to achieve those goals through better collaboration among the principalstakeholders as well as what physicians themselves can do with assistance from these stakeholders havebeen suggested.Key Words: medical education, medical practices, professional councils, health services,and principles of health services, equality and heath.

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