Reduction of Absolute Poverty, Increase of Relative Poverty, and Growing Inequalities: A Threat to Social Cohesion

2016 ◽  
pp. 267-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Jetin
Keyword(s):  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Relative Poverty

Mutiny and Leadership

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Grint
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Leadership Theory ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Constructive Dialogue ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Book Covers ◽  
The Masses

Mutiny is often associated with the occasional mis-leadership of the masses by politically inspired hotheads or a spontaneous and unusually romantic gesture of defiance against a uniquely overbearing military superior. In reality it is seldom either, and usually it has far more mundane roots, not in the absolute poverty of the subordinates but in the relative poverty of the relationships between leaders and led in a military situation. Using contemporary leadership theory to cast a critical light on an array of mutinies across time and space, this book suggests we consider mutiny as a permanent possibility that is further encouraged or discouraged by particular contexts. What turns discontent into mutiny, however, lies in the leadership skills of a small number of leaders, and what transforms that into a constructive dialogue or a catastrophic disaster depends on how the leaders of both sides mobilize their supporters and their networks. From mutinies in ancient Roman and Greek armies through those that were generated by uncaring European monarchs and those that toppled the German and Russian states—and those that forced governments to face their own disastrous policies and changed them forever—this book covers an array of cases across land, sea, and air that still pose a threat to military establishments today.

scholarly journals New Patterns in China’s Rural Poverty

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-240
Author(s):  
Shi Li ◽  
Peng Zhan ◽  
Yangyang Shen
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Chip Data ◽  
Positive Effects

The purpose of this chapter is to understand the structure of rural poverty in China. On the basis of CHIP data for 1988, 1995, 2002, 2007, and 2013, the authors analyze poverty trends and the structure of poverty, comparing the recent period to earlier periods. Factors that raise household income, factors that reduce the need for household expenditures, and other factors related to China’s poverty alleviation goals are considered. The analysis finds that although the absolute poverty rate continued to decline, the poverty gap and relative poverty increased after 2007. An analysis of the reasons for poverty reveals some positive effects of the rural social welfare policies; however, health problems among the elderly, among children below the age of 15, and among disabled adults continued to be a key source of poverty.

The Material Consequences of Welfare States

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 880-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyle Scruggs ◽  
James P. Allan
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Economic Equality ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Industrial Democracies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Poverty Levels

Several recent studies have focused attention on the relationship between welfare states and poverty, looking primarily at relative poverty and employing concepts of welfare state generosity that are problematic. This has made it difficult to evaluate claims that equality has come at the expense of economic growth. In this article, the authors examine more directly the relationship between welfare state generosity in three social insurance programs— unemployment, sickness, and pensions—and poverty levels in advanced industrial democracies in the past quarter of the 20th century. The results strongly suggest that more generous entitlements to key social insurance programs are associated not only with lower relative poverty but also with lower absolute poverty. This supports the contention that promoting relative economic equality can improve the absolute material well-being of the poor. However, no evidence suggests that relatively more generous unemployment benefits systematically reduce poverty.

scholarly journals Multidimensional Relative Poverty of Farmers in Tibetan Areas – Based on a Data Analysis on Micro Surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Shilian Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty Index ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Multidimensional Deprivation ◽  
Per Capita

In 2020, the issue of absolute poverty has been solved, and China is building a well-off society in an all-round way. The issue of relative poverty is an important content of poverty reduction. Based on a survey data from Danba County in October 2020, this paper uses the AF method to calculate the incidence of multidimensional poverty and the multidimensional poverty index. The results showed that 44.65% of the farmers have multidimensional deprivation of any three indicators of relative poverty, and 2.79% of the farmers have serious multidimensional deprivation; the incidence of one-dimensional poverty in terms of “educational level index of head of household,” “per capita non-transfer income of households in 2019,” and “per capita household income in 2019” is the highest; at the same time, the contribution rate of the three indicators to the multidimensional poverty index is also higher than other indicators. Therefore, several suggestions have been put forward to alleviate the multidimensional relative poverty in the region from the aspects of industry development and education.

Income and Poverty Gaps between Han and Ethnic Minorities in Rural China

2020 ◽  
pp. 295-320
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Liu ◽  
Lidan Lyu
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Household Characteristics ◽  
Residence Location ◽  
Autonomous Regions

This chapter uses the CHIP 2002 and 2013 rural data to investigate incomes and poverty among ethnic minorities who live outside of China’s five ethnic autonomous regions. Although the incomes of these rural minorities remained below those of the Han majority, the income gap narrowed during this period. A decomposition analysis finds that the income gap between the Han and the ethnic minorities was mainly due to household characteristics and residence location rather than due to ethnicity. From 2002 and 2013 absolute poverty declined and relative poverty increased for both the Han and the ethnic minorities. Furthermore, the minority-Han poverty gap narrowed. Regression analysis suggests that the poverty gap between the Han and the ethnic minorities was mainly because the ethnic minorities lived in less-developed regions. After controlling for region, research revealed that poverty among the Han was more serious than that among the ethnic minorities. The findings also reveal the importance of education for ethnic minorities.

Conclusion: responding to the dark reality of absolute poverty in European welfare states

2019 ◽  
pp. 397-410
Author(s):  
Helmut P. Gaisbauer ◽  
Gottfried Schweiger ◽  
Clemens Sedmak
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
European Welfare States ◽  
The Way

This chapter states that the hegemonic European relative poverty paradigm necessitates a complementary approach that sheds light on overlooked or neglected individuals and groups in absolute poverty in Europe. It concludes over the lessons learned by preparing ground for such a paradigmatic correlate with an approach that resists the temptation to propose a concise but again necessarily excluding conceptual framework but tries to open leeway for different scholarly debates, disciplinary perspectives and conceptual and practical approaches to why might be termed absolute poverty in Europe. This chapter closes with six perspectives on the way forward to an enhanced and more nuanced scholarly perspective on absolute poverty in an area that understands itself as an anti-thesis to destitution and absolute poverty.

Anti-Poverty Effectiveness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Gao
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
General Population ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Minimal Effect ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Poverty Lines ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Chapter 5 investigates Dibao’s anti-poverty effectiveness. The chapter shows that, based on various poverty lines and across urban and rural areas, Dibao’s anti-poverty effectiveness is limited and at best modest, largely due to its targeting errors and gaps in benefit delivery. Dibao is more effective in reducing the depth and severity of poverty than it is the rate of poverty, and its anti-poverty effectiveness is greater among recipients than in the general population. Dibao’s influence on reducing poverty is larger when a lower poverty line is used and smaller when a higher poverty line is used. Because relative poverty lines are often set relative to the median income in society and tend to be much higher than the more widely used absolute poverty lines, Dibao’s effects on reducing relative poverty are particularly limited. Dibao has had minimal effect on narrowing the income inequality gap in society.

Unequal Growth

2020 ◽  
pp. 241-266
Author(s):  
Björn Gustafsson ◽  
Sai Ding
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Urban Economy ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Urban Household ◽  
Pension Income ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Household Incomes

This chapter investigates inequality and poverty among formal urban residents in China by using CHIP data from 1988 through 2013, with a focus on the period from 2007 to 2013. It begins with an overview of changes in the urban economy and relevant public policies. Analysis of the data reveals a slowdown but still fairly rapid growth of urban household incomes from 2007 to 2013, as compared to earlier periods. This slowdown reflects slow growth in urban wage income, the main component of formal urban household incomes. From 2007 to 2013 growth in urban incomes was mainly due to increases in pension income and in the imputed rent from owner-occupied housing. Inequality among formal urban residents increased from 1988 to 1995, but thereafter it did not follow a clear trend. From 2007 to 2013, however, inequality increased slightly. Estimates of urban poverty show ongoing large declines in absolute poverty but an increase in relative poverty.

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