Anti-Poverty Effectiveness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Gao
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
General Population ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Minimal Effect ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Poverty Lines ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Chapter 5 investigates Dibao’s anti-poverty effectiveness. The chapter shows that, based on various poverty lines and across urban and rural areas, Dibao’s anti-poverty effectiveness is limited and at best modest, largely due to its targeting errors and gaps in benefit delivery. Dibao is more effective in reducing the depth and severity of poverty than it is the rate of poverty, and its anti-poverty effectiveness is greater among recipients than in the general population. Dibao’s influence on reducing poverty is larger when a lower poverty line is used and smaller when a higher poverty line is used. Because relative poverty lines are often set relative to the median income in society and tend to be much higher than the more widely used absolute poverty lines, Dibao’s effects on reducing relative poverty are particularly limited. Dibao has had minimal effect on narrowing the income inequality gap in society.

Locating the “poverty threshold” in Russia

2018 ◽  
pp. 104-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Slobodenyuk ◽  
V. A. Anikin
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Poverty Threshold ◽  
The Poor

The present paper focuses on identification of relative “poverty line” and a threshold of high poverty risks. The paper also studies key poverty factors in contemporary Russia. It demonstrates that the relative approach to poverty which is widely used in Western countries is applicable in Russia too. However, the relative poverty thresholds set at 0.5 and 0.75 medians per capita family income identify quite different groups of the poor. The threshold of 0.5 median income indicates deep poverty happened mostly to the unemployed workforce. The relative poverty threshold equal to 0.75 median income identifies the poverty of the elderly who are not considered as the poor by the absolute approach because pensions of Russians have been recently equalized to the subsistence level. Above all, the paper provides econometric estimates of socio-economic determinants of both absolute and relative poverty. It was revealed that the relative deep poverty of the working population was primarily caused by “bad” jobs rather than by “bad” human capital. Absolute poverty of workers is more or less determined by both factors.

scholarly journals The Study on Poverty Reduction Effects of Chinese Urban Minimum Living Standard Guarantee System—Empirical Analysis Based on CHIP 2002 and 2007

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Chen Zongsheng ◽  
Wen Wen
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Guarantee System ◽  
Poverty Lines

The Chinese urban minimum living-standard guarantee system, mainly functions to guarantee the poor people to have minimum living-standard life; at same time it can make some people to get rid of poverty by some poverty lines. But how much of the rates can be reduced? What differences among provinces, and what impact on all kind of families? The paper tries to answer these questions by using Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) 2002 and 2007, taking international poverty line, minimum living standard line, Martin’s poverty line and relative poverty line respectively to measure the poverty reduction impact of urban minimum living standard guarantee. On the whole, the urban minimum living standard guarantee is effective to alleviate absolute poverty and even part of relative poverty. For example, taking international poverty line as standard, in 2002 the urban minimum living guarantee respectively decreased absolute poverty rate, poverty gap and squared poverty gap of national urban area by 4.58%, 11.41% and 16.32%, while in 2007 decreased respectively by 47.24%, 70.87% and 83.04%. Taking relative poverty line as standard, in 2002 respectively poverty rate, poverty gap and squared poverty gap of national urban area decreased by 1.92%, 4.65% and 8.37%, while in 2007 the 3 indices reached by 3.28%, 11.63% and 22.57% respectively, but which are lower than by international poverty line. On the whole, according to different poverty lines and indices, the urban citizen in different provinces and families gained different poverty reduction effects brought by the urban minimum living standard guarantee.

Societal Poverty: A Relative and Relevant Measure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Jolliffe ◽  
Espen Beer Prydz
Keyword(s):  
National Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
High Income ◽  
Systematic Variation ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Relative Measure ◽  
Poverty Lines ◽  
A Share

AbstractPoverty lines are typically higher in richer countries, and lower in poorer ones, reflecting the relative nature of national assessments of who is considered poor. In many high-income countries, poverty lines are explicitly relative, set as a share of mean or median income. Despite systematic variation in how countries define poverty, global poverty counts are based on fixed-value lines. To reflect national assessments of poverty in a global headcount of poverty, this paper proposes a societal poverty line. The proposed societal poverty line is derived from 699 harmonized national poverty lines, has an intercept of $1 per day and a relative gradient of 50 percent of median national income or consumption. The societal poverty line is more closely aligned with national definitions of poverty than other proposed relative lines. By this relative measure, societal poverty has fallen steadily since 1990, but at a much slower pace than absolute extreme poverty.

scholarly journals PERKEMBANGAN TINGKAT KEMISKINAN DAN KESENJANGAN SOSIAL REGIONAL DI INDONESIA 2011-2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwan Prasodjo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

This article discusses on poverty rate and inequlity in urban and rural areas during 2011-15. It shows that poverty rate tends todecrease. The poverty in rural area is worse than that in the urban one. The urban poor people work in the informal sector or in the small business. The poor in the rural areas work in the agriculture sector. The majority of poorest provinces is in the east Indonesia. However, the majority of the poor people live in Java island. Eventough the income inequility in Indonesia is moderate, but it  has been increased since 2011. There are many more poor people above the national poverty line. The government could inprove rural and east Indonesia infstructure in order to increase agriculture production. In this way the poverty in rural area and the gap between east and west Indonesia could decrease.

G. Etienne. Food and Poverty: India's Halfwon Battle. New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 1988. 272 pp.Rupees (Wdian) 175.00 (Hardbound Edition).

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-66
Author(s):  
Khwaja Sarmad
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Over Time

A very large segment of the population in India has not been affected by the process of post-independence economic development. According to one estimate, in 1983, around 300 million people, or 40 percent of the total population, were living below the poverty line, while more than 100 million people were living in severe destitute conditions. Infant mortality, which is an important indicator of undernourishment, is more than three times the rate in Sri Lanka and China. This is not a satisfactory state of affairs but it represents a significant improvement over time. While population has increased from 355 million in 1949-50 to 775 million in 1985-86, foodgrain output has almost tripled to 151 million tonnes during the same period. Most of the other agricultural crops have followed a similar pattern of growth, implying an increase in the per capita availability of domestically-produced agricultural products over time. The main source of agricultural growth since the Sixties has been the increasing use of modern inputs, which have contributed to higher yields and to multi-cropping patterns. However, while the green revolution diminished poverty, it adversely affected the distribution of land, leading to the concentration of resources in fertile areas and benefiting more the richer farmers. Furthermore, the growth of population combined with slow urbanization has increased the population pressure on land. The land-man ratio has been declining over time and the increase in employment opportunities outside agriculture, both in urban and rural areas, which is vital for reducing poverty, has not been significant enough to alter the employment pattern. This suggests that it would be impossible to wipe out poverty in the foreseeable future by altering prices or raising production alone, despite evidence that the price index and the production of agricultural products have a direct influence on poverty.

Social minimum living standard in Russia: estimation methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-203
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Migranova ◽  
Irina Korchagina
Keyword(s):  
Social Role ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Per Capita

The minimum living standard of the population in Russia since 1992 is subsistence minimum (SM). It plays a significant social role as a criterion for the assessment of the need of households for social assistance. The methods for SM calculating were periodically changed, but the rate of absolute poverty was always measured by the share of the population with income below SM. The article considers in detail the methods for estimating SM, adopted in 2013 and based on normative-statistical approach. Analysis of the food consumption and the structure of consumer spending of poor households, based on Household Budget Survey 2012-2019, revealed their non-compliance with the SM that was effective up to and including 2020. Since 2021 estimation of poverty is made by statistical methods without calculating minimum consumer basket (Law № 473-ФЗ as of 29.12.2020). The poverty line is determined by the ratio to median income per capita, and the poverty rate is of relative character. Retrospective analysis of the dynamics in the per capita and median incomes of the RF population and the SM per capita for 2013-2020 makes it possible to estimate the difference in the rates of absolute and relative poverty and to understand what guided the developers of the law in determining the SM per capita at 44.2% of the median income and the value of SM for the main sociodemographic groups of the population for the year 2021. In addition, on concrete examples, by means of the logarithmic normal function used by Rosstat for calculation of the population income distribution, it is shown, at what ratio of the median income to the average, the rate of absolute poverty may be reduced by half as compared to 2019

Measuring Poverty: Context-Specific but not Relative

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRISTIAN NIEMIETZ
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
National Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Context Specific

AbstractPoverty in developed countries is commonly defined in relative terms. It is argued that a relative definition formalises the insight that poverty is a context-specific phenomenon, and that the understanding of what constitutes poverty changes with overall economic development. Yet this article argues that tagging a poverty line to mean or median incomes does not automatically anchor it in its social context. Relative measures rely on the implicit assumptions that social norms are formed at the national level, and that median income earners set social standards. A comparison with studies on ‘Subjective Well-Being’ (SWB) shows that these assumptions are rather arbitrary. At the same time, relative indicators do not take account of changes in the product market structure that disproportionately affect the poor. If low-cost substitutes for expensive items become available, the poor will be relatively more affected than median income earners. Conventional ‘absolute poverty’ indicators will be equally dismissed for not solving these problems either. A combined ‘Consensual Material Deprivation’ and ‘Budget Standard Approach’ indicator will be proposed as a more robust alternative.

scholarly journals Status of Immunity Against the Hepatitis A Virus in Healthy Population: A Report From Southeastern Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Bakhshipour ◽  
Narjes Sargolzaie ◽  
Raheleh Rafaiee
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Recently, epidemiological studies on hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection showed the seroprevalence has been changing due to changes in lifestyle. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no published data on the seropositivity of HAV in Zahedan, southeastern Iran. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of HAV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in Zahedan, southeastern Iran, to provide the required information for better planning in preventive strategies. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, using the available sampling method, a total of 250 serum samples (18 years and above) in both the urban and rural areas of Zahedan were evaluated for anti-HAV IgG by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Based on the results, it was observed that 228 out of 250 (91.2%) serum samples were positive for HAV IgG antibody. Male gender, family size, parents’ education, mother’s occupation, and history of jaundice before the age of 12 years were associated with positive HAV antibody (P < 0.001). The seroprevalence HAV rates were not statistically different between the residents of urban and rural regions. Conclusions: The seropositivity of HAV is high in both the urban and rural areas of Zahedan, Iran. Therefore, the HAV vaccination of the general population is not necessary. It is recommended to monitor HAV seroprevalence in the general population to determine high-risk groups, including anti-HAV seronegative individuals, for HAV vaccination in the residents of the southeast border.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document