scholarly journals Epidemiologists’ ambivalence towards the epigenetics of social adversity

BioSocieties ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Romijn ◽  
Séverine Louvel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Epidemiology ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Functional Value ◽  
Social Adversity ◽  
The Social

AbstractThis article studies how social epidemiologists get involved in research carried out on rodent models to explore the biological pathways underpinning exposure to social adversity in early life. We analyze their interdisciplinary exchanges with biologists in a social epigenetics project—i.e., in the experimental study of molecular alterations following social exposures. We argue that social epidemiologists are ambivalent regarding the use of non-human animal models on two levels: first, in terms of whether such models provide scientific evidence useful to social epidemiology, and second, regarding whether such models help promote their conception of public health. While they maintain expectations towards rodent experiments by elevating their functional value over their representational potential, they fear that their research will contribute to a public health approach that focuses on individual responsibility rather than the social causes of health inequalities. This interdisciplinary project demonstrates the difficulties encountered when research in social epigenetics engages with the complexities of laboratory experiments and social environments, as well as the conflicting sociopolitical projects stemming from such research.

scholarly journals The prevalence of childhood bereavement in Scotland and its relationship with disadvantage: the significance of a public health approach to death, dying and bereavement

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 263235242097504
Author(s):  
Sally Paul ◽  
Nina Vaswani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Childhood Bereavement ◽  
The Public ◽  
Close Family Member ◽  
The Social ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Bereavement Care

Background and Method: There is an absence of research on the prevalence of bereavement during early childhood and the relationship between childhood bereavement and socioeconomic status (SES) and this poses a challenge in both understanding and supporting children’s bereavement experiences. Using longitudinal data from the Growing Up in Scotland study, which tracks the lives of three nationally representative cohorts of children, this paper aimed to address these gaps in research. It specifically drew on data from Birth Cohort 1 to document the recorded bereavements of 2,815 children who completed all 8 sweeps of data collection, from age 10 months to 10 years. Findings: The study found that 50.8% of all children are bereaved of a parent, sibling, grandparent or other close family member by age 8 and this rises to 62% by age 10. The most common death experienced was that of a grandparent or other close relative. The study also found that children born into the lowest income households are at greater risk of being bereaved of a parent or sibling than those born into the highest income households. Discussion and Conclusion: Given the prevalence of childhood bereavement and its relationship with disadvantage, this paper argues that there is an important need to understand bereavement as a universal issue that is affected by the social conditions in which a child becomes bereaved, as well as an individual experience potentially requiring specialist support. This paper thus seeks to position childhood bereavement more firmly within the public health approach to palliative and bereavement care discourse and contends that doing so provides a unique and comprehensive opportunity to better understand and holistically respond to the experience of bereavement during childhood.

Unpacking ‘the cloud’: a framework for implementing public health approaches to palliative care

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A Pfaff ◽  
Lisa Dolovich ◽  
Michelle Howard ◽  
Deborah Sattler ◽  
Merrick Zwarenstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Systems Of Care ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Healthcare Needs ◽  
Health Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Development Evaluation

Summary Designing and implementing population-based systems of care that address the social determinants of health, take action on multiple levels, and are guided by evidence-based principles is a pressing priority, and an international challenge. Aging persons are a priority demographic whose health needs span physical, psychosocial and existential care domains, increase in the last year of life, are often poorly coordinated and therefore remain unmet. Compassionate communities (CCs) are an example of a public health approach that fully addresses the holistic healthcare needs of those who are aging and nearing end of life. The sharing of resources, tools, and innovations among implementers of CCs is occurring globally. Although this can increase impact, it also generates complexity that can complicate robust evaluation. When initiating population health level projects, it is important to clearly define and organize concepts and processes that are proposed to influence the health outcomes. The Health Impact Change Model (HICM) was developed to unpack the complexities associated with the implementation and evaluation of a Canadian CC intervention. The HICM offers utility for citizens, leaders and decision-makers who are engaged in the implementation of population health level strategies or other social approaches to care, such as compassionate cities and age or dementia-friendly communities. The HICM’s concepts can be adapted to address a community’s healthcare context, needs, and goals for change. We share examples of how the model’s major concepts have been applied in the development, evaluation and spread of a complex CC approach.

scholarly journals A Public Health Approach to Global Child Sex Trafficking

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 481-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Greenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
Child Sex Trafficking

Human trafficking and child sex trafficking and sexual exploitation in particular are global public health issues with widespread, lasting impacts on children, families, and communities. Traditionally, human trafficking has been treated as a law enforcement problem with an emphasis on the arrest and prosecution of traffickers. However, use of a public health approach focuses efforts on those impacted by exploitation: trafficked persons, their families, and the population at large. It promotes strategies to build a solid scientific evidence base that allows development, implementation, and evaluation of prevention and intervention efforts, informs policy and program development, and guides international efforts at eradication. This article uses the public health approach to address human trafficking, with a focus on child sex trafficking and exploitation. Recommendations are made for public health professionals to contribute to antitrafficking efforts globally.

WHEN DO WE HAVE "SUFFICIENT" EVIDENCE?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. A36-A36
Author(s):  
Student
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Social Causation ◽  
The Social

[In a recent] report, one of the signatories ... apparently having second or third thoughts considered the evidence "falls far short of proof"—an implication that we can measure distance from an absolute called proof. This lust for "absolute" proof represents a view of science that is mistaken, dangerously so, since it interferes with two types of endeavour: translating scientific evidence into public health policy and pursuing research into the social causation of illhealth.

Pandemics, Publics, and Narrative

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Davis ◽  
Davina Lohm
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Narrative Medicine ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health Advice ◽  
Insight Into

Pandemics, Publics, and Narrative explores how members of the general public experienced the 2009 swine flu pandemic. It examines the stories related to us by individuals about what happened to them in 2009, their reflections on news and expert advice given to them, and how they considered vaccination, social isolation, and other infection control measures. The book charts also the storytelling of public life, including the “be alert, not alarmed” messages from the beginning of the outbreak through to the “boy who cried wolf” problem that emerged later in the outbreak when the virus turned out to be less serious than first thought for most people. Key themes of the book are the significance of personal immunity for people as they reflected on how to respond to the threat of an influenza virus and the ways in which universal public health advice was interpreted quite differently by people according to their medical and biographical situation. The book provides unprecedented insight into the lives of ordinary people during 2009, some affected profoundly and others hardly affected at all. By drawing on currents in sociocultural scholarship of narrative, illness narrative, and narrative medicine, it develops a novel “narrative public health” approach that bridges health communications and narrative. The book provides therefore important new insights for health communicators and researchers across the social and health sciences.

scholarly journals Risk Management of COVID-19 in the Residential Educational Setting: Lessons Learned and Implications for Moving Forward

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9743
Author(s):  
Anna L. Cass ◽  
Meghan M. Slining ◽  
Connie Carson ◽  
Jason Cassidy ◽  
M. Carmela Epright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Spring Semester ◽  
Housing Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Academic Year

With limited COVID-19-guidelines for institutions of higher education (IHEs), colleges and universities began the 2020–2021 academic year with varying approaches. We present a comprehensive COVID-19 prevention and mitigation approach at a residential university during the 2020–2021 academic year, along with campus SARS-CoV-2 transmission during this time. Risk management of COVID-19 was facilitated through (1) a layered approach of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention measures; (2) a robust committee structure leveraging institutional public health expertise; (3) partnerships with external health entities; and (4) an operations system providing both structure and flexibility to adapt to changes in disease activity, scientific evidence, and public health guidelines. These efforts collectively allowed the university to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission on campus and complete the academic year offering in-person learning on a residential campus. We identified 36 cases of COVID-19 among the 2037 in-person learners during the fall semester, 125 cases in the inter-semester break, and 169 cases among 2095 in-person learners during the spring semester. SARS-CoV-2 infection during the academic year was associated with gender (p = 0.04), race/ethnicity (p = 0.01), and sorority/fraternity membership (p < 0.01). Infection was not associated with undergraduate vs. graduate student status, Division I athlete status, or housing type (all p > 0.05). A multi-faceted public health approach was critical for reducing the impact of COVID-19 while carrying out the university’s educational mission.

Public health ethics: a flawed view of Kant’s argument from autonomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. e477-e481
Author(s):  
Una P Canning
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Health In All Policies ◽  
Lifestyle Choices ◽  
The Social ◽  
Kant's Ethics ◽  
Health And Well Being

ABSTRACT Background This work explores the concept of morality as self-governing autonomy that has its origins in Immanuel Kant’s ethics. It investigates how a mistaken view of Kant’s ethics underpins a strand of debate in public health policy that is used to justify individual responsibility for health and well-being. Method Literature review. Results Applying a mistaken view of Kant’s ethics to current day public health problems is inappropriate. The work discusses the social determinants of health and the call by some in the field to adopt a Kantian approach to tackle the problems of poor health resulting from lifestyle choices. Conclusion The paper ends by arguing for a public health policy that is grounded in collaboration and for the adoption of Health in All Policies (HiAP).

scholarly journals The social determinants of psychosis in migrant and ethnic minority populations: a public health tragedy

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 705-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Morgan ◽  
G. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
Social Adversity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ethnic Minority Populations ◽  
The Life Course

High rates of schizophrenia and other psychoses have been repeatedly found in migrant populations. However, the development of public health responses has been hindered by unfounded claims that the high rates are an artefact of misdiagnosis. Recent research implicating exposure to social adversity across the life course as the key explanation for these high rates has the potential to inform initiatives to tackle this major public health problem.

scholarly journals Penerapan Proses Rehabilitasi Pada Penyalahguna Narkotika Sebagai Upaya Pemulihan

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-60
Author(s):  
Bastianto Nugroho ◽  
Siti Rahayu ◽  
M. Roesli ◽  
Reinhard Yeremia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many ◽  
Illicit Trafficking

Narcotics are substances or drugs that are very useful and necessary for the treatment of certain diseases. However, if it is misused or used not in accordance with the standard of treatment it can have very detrimental consequences for individuals or society, especially the younger generation. This will be more detrimental if accompanied by the abuse and illicit trafficking of narcotics which can result in a greater danger to the life and cultural values of the nation which in turn can weaken national resilience.In its development, Law No. 22/1997 on Narcotics is deemed unable to answer the many aspects of the narcotics problem.One of them is recognizing the negative impact on public health who are in the position of perpetrators, users, and victims of narcotics abuse.In response to this, the Government then established Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics.The law aims to find a balance point between the public health approach and the implementation of criminal instruments in overcoming narcotics crime.This research is a normative juridical research, namely research that describes in detail the social phenomena that are the main problems in everyday life associated with the applicable positive criminal law regulations.A normative legal research is intended to provide data as accurate as possible on the crime of narcotics abuse.

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