scholarly journals Sordid genealogies: a conjectural history of Cambridge Analytica’s eugenic roots

Author(s):  
Michael Wintroub
2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 468-484
Author(s):  
Carol Atack

Abstract Plato’s survey in Laws book 3 of the development of human society from its earliest stages to the complex institutions of democratic Athens and monarchical Persia operates both as a conjectural history of human life and as a critical engagement with Greek political thought. The examples Plato uses to illustrate the stages of his stadial account, such as the society of the Cyclops and the myths of Spartan prehistory, are those used by other political theorists and philosophers, in some cases also drawing on the presence of the same stories in classical Greek epic and tragedy. By incorporating his critique into a timeline Plato is able to suggest that some approaches are limited in scope to specific social conditions, whereas his Athenian Stranger presents his analysis from an external and superior viewpoint, looking down on human society from above.


1979 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 287-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Vansina

More than one-third of Africa is occupied by people who speak related languages belonging to a single family called Bantu. This has been recognized for more than a century. As early as 1886 Harry Johnston argued that this situation was the result of differentiation from a real single ancestral language, later called UrBantu or Proto-Bantu. The inevitable question arises: How could one language or a group of closely related dialects diffuse over such a vast area? The fact of Bantu expansion remains a major puzzle in the history of Africa. Many have risen to the bait of solving it.My main goal here is to recount the salient features of this century-long inquiry and in doing so to lead to an assessment of the present situation. Given the nature and the paucity of the available data, much of proposed reconstruction has been conjectural, so that the study of Bantu expansion also has been an exercise in conjectural history and in speculation. The available data are disparate and drawn from different disciplines, and the results tell us something about what can and what cannot be done in interdisciplinary research. In the telling I hope to demonstrate how much different considerations of the question have been moulded by the major themes in European and American intellectual history of the last century and how much scholarly tradition, once established, has directed and limited the solutions proposed.


2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (02) ◽  
pp. 335-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Schaffer

Abstract The practices of measurement have long been taken as authoritative technologies that travel unusually well and easily across cultural boundaries, and as a sign and cause of the apparent dominance of Western modes of science. Attention to the rituals of measurement and to the emergence of the forms of knowledge that accompanied measurement, notably the sciences of metrology, helps challenge these assumptions. Stories of the silent trade, often located in western Africa, and of the ritual origins of measurement, developed within anthropology and conjectural history, can be used to explore how measurement practices traveled and changed. In particular, the work of Marc Bloch as the preeminent historian of ceremony and power can help illuminate the relation between the historical geography of metrology and the scope of the sciences. His brilliant analysis of the royal ritual of “cramp rings” and its fate provides an important example and precedent for comparably ceremonial and culturally significant episodes in the long history of the science of measurement.


1980 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 225-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D.Y. Peel

The foundation for the argument that follows is the demonstration in Part I of this essay of Ilesha's steady physical expansion over at least three hundred years, as manifested in the establishment of new quarters. Behind this lay Ilesha's success in exploiting the geo-political possibilities of her situation midway between Oyo and Benin, twenty-five miles back from the savanna/forest divide and so safe from Oyo's cavalry. Other aspects of Ilesha's growth as a capital were her loose hegemony, periodically reasserted, over the smaller neighboring kingdoms to the north and east; her effective continuous domination of other communities (including some earlier centers of the Ijesha Kingdom) within a 20 to 30 mile radius; and her establishment of further rural out-settlements in this area, many of them, as has been mentioned, ruled by members of her royal lineage. In what follows, we will be less concerned with the interlocking means by which this increase was brought about - slaves taken from communities defeated in war and incorporated, revenues from the trade drawn to the markets and routes which Ilesha was able to dominate, free immigrants attracted from other towns - than with how this growth was managed and affected the structure of the community. Our evidence takes two principle forms; itan told about many of the Owa, such as formed the raw material for the Itan Ilesa of Abiola, Babafemi, and Ataiyero; and the system of chiefly titles, each with distinctive attributes and traditions, which defines the political structure of the community.


Africa ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Barnard

Opening ParagraphIn earlier articles I have argued the merits of the method of controlled comparison, both for the study of hunter-gatherer social organisation and for the study of Khoisan kinship across the forager/non-forager divide. In this article I put these two interests together to examine specifically the relation between kinship, production and culture contact among the Khoisan, and particularly the Khoe-speaking, peoples. Certain kinship structures and practices are dependent upon the means and methods of subsistence, while others are not. The latter are products of Khoisan history and in general reflect linguistic relationships between economically diverse Khoisan peoples.


Author(s):  
John Regan

This article contextualizes Walter Scott's The Lay of the Last Minstrel in relation to an Edinburgh literary milieu influenced by some the most famous progenitors of Scottish Enlightenment historical theory. After a preliminary survey of the intellectual landscape out of which Scott's poem comes, the discussion is orientated specifically around the influence, on Scott, of Adam Ferguson's seminal conjectural history, the Essay on the History of Civil Society. Oral poetry is integral to Ferguson's nuanced deteriorationist narrative of human development, and it is my central contention that The Lay is the apotheosis of a Romantic anxiety over the representation of preliterary verse. This article's primary area of interest is not the poetry of The Lay itself but the discourses of history, historicity, verse and versification to which Scott, Adam Ferguson, Francis Jeffrey and several others contributed before, during and after the poem's publication.


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