<p>The East Siberian Arctic Shelf is an integrated coastal sea system with complex biogeochemical processes influenced by underlying subsea permafrost, hydrates and thermogenic compartments. Methane is released from the marine sediments to the water column, which serves as an interphase between the lithosphere and the atmosphere. Before escaping into water column and atmosphere, methane has potentially experienced extensive aerobic and anaerobic oxidation by microbes in the marine sediment. In particular, the aerobic process is assumed to be dominant in the surface oxic/suboxic marine sediment (upper 1cm) after anaerobic processes in deeper zones. However, these processes are insufficiently understood in sediments of the Arctic Ocean. To probe these, we investigated the microbial lipids and their stable carbon composition in surface marine sediment (upper 1 cm) from two active methane seep areas in the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea.</p><p>The microbial fatty acids (C12 to C18 fatty acids) were relatively enriched in <sup>13</sup>C (&#948;<sup>13</sup>C -18.8 to -31.2&#8240;) compared to that of dissolved CH<sub>4</sub> in nearby bottom water (-54.6 to -29.7&#8240;). This contrasts to previous reports of strongly depleted &#948;<sup>13</sup>C signals in microbial lipids (e.g., -100&#8240;) at active marine mid-ocean ridges and mud volcanoes, from quite different ocean areas. The absence of a depleted &#948;<sup>13</sup>C signal in these general microbial biomarkers suggest that these reflect substrates other than methane such as other parts of the sediment organic matter, indicated by the stronger correlation of &#948;<sup>13</sup>C between fatty acids and bulk organic carbon than that between fatty acid and CH<sub>4</sub>. However, the putatively more specific biomarkers for aerobic methanotrophic bacteria (mono-unsaturated C16 and C18 fatty acids) show a distinct pattern in the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea: C16:1 and C18:1 were enriched in <sup>13</sup>C (up to 4.5 &#8240;) relative to their saturated analogs in the Laptev Sea; whereas, C18:1 was depleted in <sup>13</sup>C (up to 4.5 &#8240;) compared to C18 in the East Siberian Sea. This could be because the relative populations of Type I and II methanotrophs were different in the two areas with different carbon assimilation pathways. Our results cannot exclude a slowly active aerobic methanotrophs at methane seeps in the East Siberian Arctic Ocean and thus call for more information from molecular microbiology.</p>
Forecasting Marine Sediment Properties with Geospatial Machine Learning.
