The Oblique Effect of Stimulus Identification Considered with Respect to Two Classes of Oblique Effects

Perception ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A Essock
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Oblique Effect ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Stimulus Identification ◽  
Requirements Identification

Two classes of oblique effects are proposed. Oblique effects demonstrated in paradigms reflecting the basic functioning of the visual system are termed class 1, and those obtained in paradigms reflecting stimulus encoding and memory are termed class 2. The present experiments examine the class 2 oblique effect that has been obtained on reaction time (RT) tasks. Three RT tasks with different response requirements (identification, detection, and classification) were conducted to determine the basic conditions necessary for the production of the class 2 RT oblique effect. The results indicate that the source of the class 2 oblique effect obtained in RT paradigms is a greater confusability between the 45° oblique lines than between the horizontal and vertical lines when identification of orientation is required.

A Psychophysical Investigation of the Behavioural Relevance of Neurophysiological Feature Detectors (S Cells)

Perception ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerda Smets
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Oblique Effect ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Simple Cells ◽  
Feature Detectors ◽  
Monocular Stimulation ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Perceptual Variable

The aim of the study was to establish whether monaural auditory stimulation (a nonretinal perceptual variable) affects the class 1 oblique effect (a behavioural manifestation of simple cells). The left or right monaural stimulus was a pure tone, 1000 Hz, 70 dB(A), delivered continuously throughout the experimental session. The left or right monocular stimulus was a thin red phosphorescent bar the orientation of which was manipulated. In order to determine the oblique effect differential orientation thresholds for principal meridians were compared to those for oblique orientations. The results, indicating an interaction effect of the monaural and monocular stimulation on the magnitude of the oblique effect, are a further demonstration that the oblique effect is not as simple as some theories (derived from extrapolation from neurophysiological findings) would imply.

Switching of Response Modalities

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1325-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea M. Philipp ◽  
Iring Koch
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Task Switch ◽  
Different Response

When participants perform a sequence of different tasks, it is assumed that the engagement in one task leads to the inhibition of the previous task. This inhibition persists and impairs performance when participants switch back to this (still inhibited) task after only one intermediate trial. Previous task-switching studies on this issue have defined different tasks at the level of stimulus categorization. In our experiments we used different response modalities to define tasks. Participants always used the same stimulus categorization (e.g., categorize a digit as odd vs. even), but had to give a vocal, finger, or foot response (A, B, or C). Our results showed a higher reaction time and error rate in ABA sequences than in CBA sequences, indicating n − 2 repetition cost as a marker for persisting task inhibition. We assume that different response modalities can define a task and are inhibited in a “task switch” in the same way as stimulus categories are inhibited.

scholarly journals Interference of Illusory Contour Perception by a Distractor

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junkai Yang ◽  
Lisen Sui ◽  
Hongyuan Wu ◽  
Qian Wu ◽  
Xiaolin Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Illusory Contour ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Perceptual Load ◽  
Present Finding ◽  
Contour Perception ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Easy Condition ◽  
The Difference

The visual system is capable of recognizing objects when object information is widely separated in space, as revealed by the Kanizsa-type illusory contours (ICs). Attentional involvement in perception of ICs is an important topic, and the present study examined whether and how the processing of ICs is interfered with by a distractor. Discrimination between thin and short deformations of an illusory circle was investigated in the absence or presence of a central dynamic patch, with difficulty of discrimination varied in three levels (easy, medium, and hard). Reaction time (RT) was significantly shorter in the absence compared to the presence of the distractor in the easy and medium conditions. Correct rate (CR) was significantly higher in the absence compared to the presence of the distractor in the easy condition, and the magnitude of the difference between CRs of distracted and non-distracted responses significantly reduced as task difficulty increased. These results suggested that perception of ICs is more likely to be vulnerable to distraction when more attentional resources remain available. The present finding supports that attention is engaged in perception of ICs and that distraction of IC processing is associated with perceptual load.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: T1 difficulty does not modulate the magnitude of the attentional blink

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110547
Author(s):  
Thomas Spalek ◽  
Hayley Lagroix ◽  
Vincent Di Lollo
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Refractory Period ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Scale Removal ◽  
Rapid Sequence

When the visual system is busy processing one stimulus it has problems processing a subsequent stimulus if it arrives soon after the first. Laboratory studies of this second-stimulus impairment – known as ¬attentional blink (AB) – have employed two targets (T1, T2) presented in rapid sequence, and have found identification accuracy to be nearly perfect for T1 but impaired for T2. It is commonly believed that the magnitude of the AB is related directly to the difficulty of T1: the greater the T1 difficulty, the larger the AB. A survey of the experimental literature disconfirms that belief showing it to have arisen from artificial constraints imposed by the 100% limit of the response scale. Removal of that constraint, either by using reaction time (RT) instead of accuracy as the dependent measure, or in experiments in which the functions of T2 accuracy over lags do not converge to the limit of the response scale, reveals parallel functions for the easy-T1 and the hard-T1 conditions, consistent with the idea that T1 difficulty does not modulate AB magnitude. This finding is problematic for all but the Boost-and-Bounce and the Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine theories in which T1 acts merely as a trigger for an eventual refractory period that leads to the failure to process T2, rendering T1 difficulty and its relationship to the AB an irrelevant consideration.

Memory of a Speaker's Voice: Reaction Time to Same- or Different-voiced Letters

1974 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald A. Cole ◽  
Max Coltheart ◽  
Fran Allard
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Auditory Memory ◽  
Female Voice ◽  
Feature Similarity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Letter Names ◽  
Different Response

Subjects were presented with a sequence of two letters, each letter spoken in either a male or female voice. On each trial, the subject was required to indicate, as quickly as possible, whether the two letters had the same name. Reaction times (RTs) were faster for letters spoken in the same voice for both “same” and “different” responses, even when letters were separated by 8 s. These results are incompatible with the notion of physical and name codes in auditory memory since a “different” response should always be based on a comparison of letter names and should not be influenced by voice quality. It was also found that RTs were not influenced by the phonemic distinctive feature similarity of the letters.

Hearing faces and seeing accents?

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Chen-Wei Felix Yu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
English Proficiency ◽  
Mcgurk Effect ◽  
Foreign Accent ◽  
Familiar Face ◽  
The Face ◽  
Subject Factor ◽  
Mandarin Speakers ◽  
Different Response

Abstract In this paper, the McGurk effect displayed by native Mandarin Speakers is examined in the light of reaction time (RT) and response types. Two within-subject factors, FACE and ACCENT, and one between-subject factor, English Proficiency, were incorporated in the experiment. The results showed that FACE and ACCENT, but not English Proficiency, had effects on the participants’ RT and response types. When a foreign ACCENT was dubbed onto a familiar FACE, the RT was the longest, and the McGurk effect was most likely to be found. Other kinds of McGurk stimuli composition did not receive different RT but induced different response types. When the FACE was foreign, regardless of the ACCENT, the participants tended to respond with perceptive illusion. The author concluded that the expectations of the perceiver influenced the use of multisensory integration and thus the longer RT and the appearance of the McGurk effect.

The Effects of Stimulus Dimensionality on the Rate of Gain of Information

1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Levy ◽  
Gloria K. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Absolute Judgment ◽  
Transmitted Information ◽  
Hick’S Law ◽  
Stimulus Identification

Hick's paradigm as extended to an absolute judgment task by Doherty was used to study the effects of dimensionality on the rate of stimulus identification in two experiments. Two undimensional conditions, size and brightness, and two bidimensional conditions, size-brightness redundant and size-brightness non-redundant, were employed. The significant linear components of the regression of choice reaction time on transmitted information for the undimensional and bidimensional stimuli supported and extended Hick's law. The finding of nearly identical slopes for the two undimensional and redundant bidimensional condition regression lines suggests a stage of processing which has a constant capacity in bits/s and which is independent of stimulus dimensionality. An increase in slope for the non-redundant condition is attributed to a difference in response requirements.

A-171 An Evaluation of Remotely Administered Reaction Time Subtests

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1226-1226
Author(s):  
Christina Nunez ◽  
Bailey McDonald ◽  
Samantha Spagna ◽  
Charles Golden
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neuropsychological Measures ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medium Effect Size ◽  
Different Response

Abstract Objective Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many services attempted to quickly transition to a remote format. A need to incorporate and evaluate a remote delivery of neuropsychological measures arose. TestMyBrain (TMB) from the Many Brains Project has been utilizing teleneuropsychology in research since 2017. Method Volunteer research participants (N = 176, Mage = 29, Medu = 15 years, 64.7% white, 54.2% female, 83.2% right-handed) were administered TMB Simple Reaction Time and Choice Reaction Time subtest as part of a larger battery via zoom. Participants were able to choose between completing these measures using a keyboard, mouse, or a touch screen. There were no significant differences among demographic variables across the different completion methods. Results An ANCOVA indicated there was not a significant difference in simple reaction time across the different response F(2,168) = 0.482, p = 0.618, ηp2 = 0.006. There was however a significant difference in choice reaction time across the different response methods F(2,168) = 11.486, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.120. Conclusion Results suggest different response methods maybe suitable for simpler tasks, yet there lacks consistency in response methods for more complex tasks. This medium effect size may have occurred as a result of the lack of sensitivity for devices to detect taps on different portions of the screen as effectively as various keys on a keyboard. Administrators must be aware of the limitations response methods may introduce into results. Limitation to this analysis include limited samples and not controlling for other factors that may potentially influence reaction time such as internet connection. Future research should focus on creating a standardized method for teleneuropsychology administration.

Multiple Diffusion Models to Compare Saccadic and Manual Responses for Inhibition of Return

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 804-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Joseph MacInnes
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Diffusion Models ◽  
Response Threshold ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Different Response

Cuing a location in space produces a short-lived advantage in reaction time to targets at that location. This early advantage, however, switches to a reaction time cost and has been termed inhibition of return (IOR). IOR behaves differently for different response modalities, suggesting that it may not be a unified effect. This letter presents new data from two experiments testing the gradient of IOR with random, continuous cue-target Euclidean distance and cue-target onset asynchrony. These data were then used to train multiple diffusion models of saccadic and manual reaction time for these cuing experiments. Diffusion models can generate accurate distributions of reaction time data by modeling a response as a buildup of evidence toward a response threshold. If saccadic and attentional IOR are based on similar processes, then differences in distribution will be best explained by adjusting parameter values such as signal and noise within the same model structure. Although experimental data show differences in the timing of IOR across modality, best-fit models are shown to have similar model parameters for the gradient of IOR, suggesting similar underlying mechanisms for saccadic and manual IOR.

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