A Psychophysical Investigation of the Behavioural Relevance of Neurophysiological Feature Detectors (S Cells)

Perception ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerda Smets
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Oblique Effect ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Simple Cells ◽  
Feature Detectors ◽  
Monocular Stimulation ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Perceptual Variable

The aim of the study was to establish whether monaural auditory stimulation (a nonretinal perceptual variable) affects the class 1 oblique effect (a behavioural manifestation of simple cells). The left or right monaural stimulus was a pure tone, 1000 Hz, 70 dB(A), delivered continuously throughout the experimental session. The left or right monocular stimulus was a thin red phosphorescent bar the orientation of which was manipulated. In order to determine the oblique effect differential orientation thresholds for principal meridians were compared to those for oblique orientations. The results, indicating an interaction effect of the monaural and monocular stimulation on the magnitude of the oblique effect, are a further demonstration that the oblique effect is not as simple as some theories (derived from extrapolation from neurophysiological findings) would imply.

A Sparse Generative Model of V1 Simple Cells with Intrinsic Plasticity

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1261-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius Weber ◽  
Jochen Triesch
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Generative Model ◽  
Intrinsic Excitability ◽  
Natural Image ◽  
Tilt Aftereffect ◽  
Simple Cells ◽  
Feature Detectors ◽  
Edge Detectors ◽  
Intrinsic Plasticity ◽  
Slow Timescale

Current models for learning feature detectors work on two timescales: on a fast timescale, the internal neurons' activations adapt to the current stimulus; on a slow timescale, the weights adapt to the statistics of the set of stimuli. Here we explore the adaptation of a neuron's intrinsic excitability, termed intrinsic plasticity, which occurs on a separate timescale. Here, a neuron maintains homeostasis of an exponentially distributed firing rate in a dynamic environment. We exploit this in the context of a generative model to impose sparse coding. With natural image input, localized edge detectors emerge as models of V1 simple cells. An intermediate timescale for the intrinsic plasticity parameters allows modeling aftereffects. In the tilt aftereffect, after a viewer adapts to a grid of a certain orientation, grids of a nearby orientation will be perceived as tilted away from the adapted orientation. Our results show that adapting the neurons' gain-parameter but not the threshold-parameter accounts for this effect. It occurs because neurons coding for the adapting stimulus attenuate their gain, while others increase it. Despite its simplicity and low maintenance, the intrinsic plasticity model accounts for more experimental details than previous models without this mechanism.

Effect of low-intensity pure tone auditory stimulation on patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 792-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Yixin Xu ◽  
Jianhua Zhuang ◽  
Hua Peng ◽  
Huijuan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Sleep Behavior ◽  
Low Intensity

The Oblique Effect of Stimulus Identification Considered with Respect to Two Classes of Oblique Effects

Perception ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A Essock
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Oblique Effect ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Stimulus Identification ◽  
Requirements Identification

Two classes of oblique effects are proposed. Oblique effects demonstrated in paradigms reflecting the basic functioning of the visual system are termed class 1, and those obtained in paradigms reflecting stimulus encoding and memory are termed class 2. The present experiments examine the class 2 oblique effect that has been obtained on reaction time (RT) tasks. Three RT tasks with different response requirements (identification, detection, and classification) were conducted to determine the basic conditions necessary for the production of the class 2 RT oblique effect. The results indicate that the source of the class 2 oblique effect obtained in RT paradigms is a greater confusability between the 45° oblique lines than between the horizontal and vertical lines when identification of orientation is required.

Oblique Effect: A Neural Basis in the Visual Cortex

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baowang Li ◽  
Matthew R. Peterson ◽  
Ralph D. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Oblique Effect ◽  
Orientation Tuning ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Linear Filters ◽  
Simple Cells ◽  
Tuning Curves ◽  
Complex Cells ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Spatial Frequencies

The details of oriented visual stimuli are better resolved when they are horizontal or vertical rather than oblique. This “oblique effect” has been confirmed in numerous behavioral studies in humans and to some extent in animals. However, investigations of its neural basis have produced mixed and inconclusive results, presumably due in part to limited sample sizes. We have used a database to analyze a population of 4,418 cells in the cat's striate cortex to determine possible differences as a function of orientation. We find that both the numbers of cells and the widths of orientation tuning vary as a function of preferred orientation. Specifically, more cells prefer horizontal and vertical orientations compared with oblique angles. The largest population of cells is activated by orientations close to horizontal. In addition, orientation tuning widths are most narrow for cells preferring horizontal orientations. These findings are most prominent for simple cells tuned to high spatial frequencies. Complex cells and simple cells tuned to low spatial frequencies do not exhibit these anisotropies. For a subset of simple cells from our population ( n = 104), we examined the relative contributions of linear and nonlinear mechanisms in shaping orientation tuning curves. We find that linear contributions alone do not account for the narrower tuning widths at horizontal orientations. By modeling simple cells as linear filters followed by static expansive nonlinearities, our analysis indicates that horizontally tuned cells have a greater nonlinear component than those tuned to other orientations. This suggests that intracortical mechanisms play a major role in shaping the oblique effect.

The Influence of Auditory Stimulation on a Visual Oblique Effect

Perception ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-174
Author(s):  
Syren Johnstone ◽  
Peter Wenderoth
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Acoustic Stimulus ◽  
Oblique Effect ◽  
Acoustic Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Simple Cell ◽  
Neural Interaction ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

It has previously been reported by Smets that there is an increase in the magnitude of the monocular oblique effect when a 70 dB(A), 1 kHz acoustic stimulus is presented contralaterally, but not ipsilaterally, to the viewing eye. This finding was interpreted as one which provided difficulties both for data-driven models of information processing and for the cortical simple cell explanation of the oblique effect. There are several logical and methodological difficulties in Smets's paper, and in the two experiments reported here the effect found by Smets was not replicated. The failure to observe the effect was robust under conditions that maximised the possibility of neural interaction. It is concluded that acoustic stimulation does not affect the magnitude of the oblique effect.

Effect of Body Tilt on Auditory Lateralization

1971 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. Comalli ◽  
Morton W. Altshuler
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Difference Limen ◽  
Auditory Localization ◽  
Body Tilt ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Auditory Lateralization

A pulsed 1000-Hz pure tone was dichotically presented to 16 Ss in a “lateralization” task under body positions of erect, 30° left and right tilt, and 60° left and right tilt. With the method of limits no significant effect of body tilt on the perception of auditory midline or on the difference limen was found. Significant effects were found for ascending and descending trials on perception of the auditory midline as well as an interaction effect between body positions and left and right ears. The findings were contrasted with those of studies dealing with the effect of body tilt on auditory “localization.”

Real-ear Masking Calibration for Portable Pure-Tone Audiometers

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-294
Author(s):  
Martin S. Robinette ◽  
Robert H. Brey
Keyword(s):  
Pure Tone ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Resistive Network ◽  
Many Instruments

A transformer mixing network is described which allows the calibration of broad-band masking for portable audiometers that lack a built-in mixing network. For many instruments the transformer network is preferable to the resistive network previously published.

Misophonia: An Evidence-Based Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-690
Author(s):  
C. S. Vanaja ◽  
Miriam Soni Abigail
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Case History ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Pure Tone Audiogram

Purpose Misophonia is a sound tolerance disorder condition in certain sounds that trigger intense emotional or physiological responses. While some persons may experience misophonia, a few patients suffer from misophonia. However, there is a dearth of literature on audiological assessment and management of persons with misophonia. The purpose of this report is to discuss the assessment of misophonia and highlight the management option that helped a patient with misophonia. Method A case study of a 26-year-old woman with the complaint of decreased tolerance to specific sounds affecting quality of life is reported. Audiological assessment differentiated misophonia from hyperacusis. Management included retraining counseling as well as desensitization and habituation therapy based on the principles described by P. J. Jastreboff and Jastreboff (2014). A misophonia questionnaire was administered at regular intervals to monitor the effectiveness of therapy. Results A detailed case history and audiological evaluations including pure-tone audiogram and Johnson Hyperacusis Index revealed the presence of misophonia. The patient benefitted from intervention, and the scores of the misophonia questionnaire indicated a decrease in the severity of the problem. Conclusions It is important to differentially diagnose misophonia and hyperacusis in persons with sound tolerance disorders. Retraining counseling as well as desensitization and habituation therapy can help patients who suffer from misophonia.

Evaluation of Efferent Auditory System and Hearing Quality in Parkinson's Disease: Is the Difficulty in Speech Understanding in Complex Listening Conditions Related to Neural Degeneration or Aging?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nuriye Yıldırım Gökay ◽  
Bülent Gündüz ◽  
Fatih Söke ◽  
Recep Karamert
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Auditory System ◽  
Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Pure Tone Audiometry ◽  
Auditory Pathway ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
System Function ◽  
Distortion Product

Purpose The effects of neurological diseases on the auditory system have been a notable issue for investigators because the auditory pathway is closely associated with neural systems. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the efferent auditory system function and hearing quality in Parkinson's disease (PD) and to compare the findings with age-matched individuals without PD to present a perspective on aging. Method The study included 35 individuals with PD (mean age of 48.50 ± 8.00 years) and 35 normal-hearing peers (mean age of 49 ± 10 years). The following tests were administered for all participants: the first section of the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale; pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, tympanometry, and acoustic reflexes; and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) and contralateral suppression of DPOAEs. SPSS Version 25 was used for statistical analyses, and values of p < .05 were considered statistically significant. Results There were no statistically significant differences in the pure-tone audiometry thresholds and DPOAE responses between the individuals with PD and their normal-hearing peers ( p = .732). However, statistically significant differences were found between the groups in suppression levels of DPOAEs and hearing quality ( p < .05). In addition, a statistically significant and positive correlation was found between the amount of suppression at some frequencies and the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale scores. Conclusions This study indicates that medial olivocochlear efferent system function and the hearing quality of individuals with PD were affected adversely due to the results of PD pathophysiology on the hearing system. For optimal intervention and follow-up, tasks related to hearing quality in daily life can also be added to therapies for PD.

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