Effects of Tilt Adaptation on the Direction of Voluntary Saccades

Perception ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 615-626
Author(s):  
Judith Callan ◽  
Sheldon M Ebenholtz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Luminous Line ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Voluntary Saccades

Records were taken of the horizontal and vertical amplitudes of eye movements of subjects instructed to move their eyes back and forth from 12 to 6 and from 9 to 3 o'clock without targets. These records were used to compute the angles of the eye-movement paths, and corresponding paths were compared before and after exposure in a hallway to a prism-induced clockwise tilt of 30°. Perceived orientation was also measured, by having the subjects set a luminous line in the dark to the orientations indicated above. Both tasks yielded significant preexposure—postexposure changes in the direction of tilt, such that after exposure the line was set at a tilt and eye movements were made at an angle clockwise with respect to the preexposure orientation. A control group exposed to 0° tilt showed no change on either task. Thus, tilt adaptation is capable of altering the direction of volitional eye movements.

scholarly journals Fixation eye movement abnormalities and stereopsis recovery following strabismus repair

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Talora L. Martin ◽  
Jordan Murray ◽  
Kiran Garg ◽  
Charles Gallagher ◽  
Aasef G. Shaikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Functional Improvement ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Fixational Eye Movements ◽  
Movement Characteristics ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Gaze Holding ◽  
Fixational Saccades

AbstractWe evaluated the effects of strabismus repair on fixational eye movements (FEMs) and stereopsis recovery in patients with fusion maldevelopment nystagmus (FMN) and patients without nystagmus. Twenty-one patients with strabismus, twelve with FMN and nine without nystagmus, were tested before and after strabismus repair. Eye-movements were recorded during a gaze-holding task under monocular viewing conditions. Fast (fixational saccades and quick phases of nystagmus) and slow (inter-saccadic drifts and slow phases of nystagmus) FEMs and bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) were analyzed in the viewing and non-viewing eye. Strabismus repair improved the angle of strabismus in subjects with and without FMN, however patients without nystagmus were more likely to have improvement in stereoacuity. The fixational saccade amplitudes and intersaccadic drift velocities in both eyes decreased after strabismus repair in subjects without nystagmus. The slow phase velocities were higher in patients with FMN compared to inter-saccadic drifts in patients without nystagmus. There was no change in the BCEA after surgery in either group. In patients without nystagmus, the improvement of the binocular function (stereopsis), as well as decreased fixational saccade amplitude and intersaccadic drift velocity, could be due, at least partially, to central adaptive mechanisms rendered possible by surgical realignment of the eyes. The absence of improvement in patients with FMN post strabismus repair likely suggests the lack of such adaptive mechanisms in patients with early onset infantile strabismus. Assessment of fixation eye movement characteristics can be a useful tool to predict functional improvement post strabismus repair.

Eye Movements in Cerebellar and Combined Cerebellobrainstem Diseases

1983 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Wennmo ◽  
Bengt Hindfelt ◽  
Ilmari Pyykkö
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Vestibular Nystagmus ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Eye Velocity ◽  
Voluntary Saccades ◽  
Cerebellar Disorders

We report a quantitative analysis of eye movement disturbances in patients with isolated cerebellar disorders and patients with cerebellar disorders and concomitant brainstem involvement. The most characteristic abnormalities in the exclusively cerebellar patients were increased velocities of the slow phases of vestibular nystagmus induced by rotation in the dark and increased peak velocities of the fast phases of optokinetic nystagmus induced by full-field optokinetic stimuli. Dysmetria of saccades was found in three of six cerebellar patients and gaze nystagmus in all six patients. The typical findings in the combined cerebellobrainstem group were reduced peak velocities of voluntary saccades, defective smooth pursuit and reduced peak velocities of the fast component of nystagmus during rotation in both the dark and light. All patients with combined cerebellobrainstem disorder had dysmetric voluntary saccades and gaze nystagmus. The numbers of superimposed saccades during smooth pursuit were uniformly increased. Release of inhibition in cerebellar disorders may explain the hyperresponsiveness and inaccuracy of eye movements found in this study. In addition, when lesions also involve the brainstem, however, integrative centers coding eye velocity are affected, leading to slow and inaccurate eye movements. These features elicited clinically may be useful in the diagnosis of cerebellar and brainstem disorders.

Extraocular muscle proprioception functions in the control of ocular alignment and eye movement conjugacy

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 1028-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Lewis ◽  
D. S. Zee ◽  
B. M. Gaymard ◽  
B. L. Guthrie
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Extraocular Muscle ◽  
Efference Copy ◽  
Binocular Viewing ◽  
Error Signal ◽  
Muscle Proprioception ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Before And After

1. The function of extraocular muscle proprioception in the control of eye movements is uncertain. We tested the hypothesis that proprioception contributes to the long-term regulation of ocular alignment and eye movement conjugacy. 2. Eye movements were recorded in monkeys with unilateral extraocular muscle palsies, before and after proprioceptive deafferentation of the paretic eye. Following deafferentation, ocular alignment and saccade conjugacy gradually worsened over several weeks. In contrast, disconjugate adaptation induced by habitual binocular viewing with a prism (disparity-mediated adaptation) occurred normally after deafferentation. 3. These results provide the first evidence that proprioception functions in the control of eye movements in primates, and indicate that proprioception contributes to the long-term adaptive mechanisms that regulate ocular alignment during fixation and saccades. The error signal used in this process may be derived from a mismatch between the efference copy and proprioceptive afference.

Stimulation-Evoked Eye Movements With and Without the Lateral Rectus Muscle Pulley

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 3809-3815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana M. Dimitrova ◽  
Mary S. Shall ◽  
Stephen J. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rectus Muscle ◽  
Lateral Rectus ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Movement Amplitude ◽  
Lateral Rectus Muscle ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Orbital Tissue ◽  
Orbital Layer

Recent studies have suggested that extraocular muscle (EOM) pulleys, composed of collagen, elastin, and smooth muscle, are among the tissues surrounding the eye. High-resolution magnetic-resonance imaging appears to indicate that the pulleys serve to both constrain and alter the pulling paths of the EOMs. The active pulley hypothesis suggests that the orbital layer of the EOMs inserts on the pulley and serves to control it. Based on anatomical data, the active pulley hypothesis also suggests that the orbital layer does not rotate the eye within the orbit; this is done by the global layer of the muscle. However, no physiological data exist to confirm this hypothesis. Here we used stimulation-evoked eye movements in anesthetized monkeys and cats before and after destruction of the lateral rectus muscle pulley by removal of the lateral bony orbit and adjacent orbital tissue. The absence of these structures resulted in increased lateral, in the primate, and medial, in the cat, eye-movement amplitude and velocity. Vertical eye movements in the cat were not significantly affected. The results indicate that these increases, confined to horizontal eye-movement amplitude and velocity, may be attributed to passive properties within the orbit. In relation to the active pulley hypothesis, we could discern no clear impact (in terms of amplitude or velocity profile of the movements) of lateral eye exposure that could be directly attributable to the active lateral pulley system.

Saccade initiation and latency deficits after combined lesions of the frontal and posterior eye fields in monkeys

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1913-1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Combined Lesions ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Bilateral Lesions

1. Monkeys were trained to perform horizontal visually guided saccades. Latency was measured before and after bilateral lesions of the frontal eye field (FEF) and after combined lesions of both the FEF and the posterior eye field. Destruction of either of these regions alone causes only modest deficits of eye movement, but destruction of both together produces profound oculomotor impairment. The results support the proposal that purposeful eye movements are controlled by a distributed corticocortical network that includes nodes in frontal and parieto-occipital regions.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Eye Movements Desensitization and Reprocessing on the Quality of Life of the Patients with Myocardial Infarction

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahmineh Salehian ◽  
Saidzaker Saeedinejad ◽  
Mohammad Behnammoghadam ◽  
Mohsen Shafiee ◽  
Sima Mohammadhossini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Team ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Experimental Group

<p>Myocardial infarction causes limitations in the physical activity and perturbation of quality of life.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eye movements desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on the quality of life of these patients. This study was conducted in two groups as the before and after while the effect of eye movements desensitization and reprocessing on the quality of life of the patients with Myocardial infarction. Sampling was done based on the purposive sampling. Patients were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (30 patients in each group). Samples were assigned through randomized allocation. In the experimental group, the EMDR method was carried out on the patients in five 90-minute sessions over a two week period. In the control group no intervention was received. Data of Quality of life, pre-treatment, post-treatment were analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that the quality of life increase in all its dimensions of the experimental group, after performing the EMDR therapy significantly (P=0.001). Treatment what has already been stated, was effective on the quality of life in patients. Treatment team members can use this method as an effective intervention in order to improve the quality of life of their patients.</p>

scholarly journals Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) to reduce posttraumatic stress disorder-related stress reactivity in Indonesia PTSD patients: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Susanty ◽  
Marit Sijbrandij ◽  
Wilis Srisayekti ◽  
Anja C. Huizink
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Reducing Stress

Abstract Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop after exposure to a traumatic event. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an evidence-based psychological treatment for PTSD. It is yet unclear whether eye movements also reduce stress reactivity in PTSD patients. This study aims to test whether eye movements, as provided during Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD), are more effective in reducing stress reactivity in PTSD patients as compared to a retrieval-only control condition. Methods The study includes participants who meet criteria of PTSD of the public psychological services in Jakarta and Bandung, Indonesia. One hundred and ten participants are randomly assigned to either an (1) Eye Movement Desensitization group (n = 55) or (2) retrieval-only control group (n = 55). Participants are assessed at baseline (T0), post-treatment (T1), 1 month (T2), and at 3 months follow-up (T3). Participants are exposed to a script-driven imagery procedure at T0 and T1. The primary outcome is heart rate variability (HRV) stress reactivity during script-driven imagery. Secondary outcomes include heart rate (HR), pre-ejection period (PEP), saliva cortisol levels, PTSD symptoms, neurocognitive functioning, symptoms of anxiety and depression, perceived stress level, and quality of life. Discussion If the EMD intervention is effective in reducing stress reactivity outcomes, this would give us more insight into the underlying mechanisms of EMDR’s effectiveness in PTSD symptom reduction. Trial registration ISRCTN registry ISRCTN55239132. Registered on 19 December 2017.

Voluntary Saccadic Eye Movements Ride the Attentional Rhythm

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1625-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hinze Hogendoorn
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Detection Performance ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Voluntary Saccades

Visual perception seems continuous, but recent evidence suggests that the underlying perceptual mechanisms are in fact periodic—particularly visual attention. Because visual attention is closely linked to the preparation of saccadic eye movements, the question arises how periodic attentional processes interact with the preparation and execution of voluntary saccades. In two experiments, human observers made voluntary saccades between two placeholders, monitoring each one for the presentation of a threshold-level target. Detection performance was evaluated as a function of latency with respect to saccade landing. The time course of detection performance revealed oscillations at around 4 Hz both before the saccade at the saccade origin and after the saccade at the saccade destination. Furthermore, oscillations before and after the saccade were in phase, meaning that the saccade did not disrupt or reset the ongoing attentional rhythm. Instead, it seems that voluntary saccades are executed as part of an ongoing attentional rhythm, with the eyes in flight during the troughs of the attentional wave. This finding for the first time demonstrates that periodic attentional mechanisms affect not only perception but also overt motor behavior.

Smooth pursuit eye movements in psychiatric inpatients

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S764-S765
Author(s):  
L. Mandolesi ◽  
G. Piraccini ◽  
F. Ambrosini ◽  
F.L. Vetere ◽  
R.P. Sant’Angelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Psychiatric Inpatients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements

IntroductionEye movements are used in several studies as a biomarker in order to evaluate cortical alterations in psychiatric disorders. Pursuit eye movements’ deficits were found both in schizophrenia and in affective disorder patients. Nevertheless, these findings are still controversial.ObjectivesSet up a system to record and evaluate the eye movements in psychiatric patients.AimsTo verify the applicability of a smooth pursuit task in a sample of psychiatric inpatients and to prove its efficiency in discriminating patient and control group performance.MethodsA sample of psychiatric inpatients was tested at psychiatric service of diagnosis and care of AUSL Romagna-Cesena. Eye movement measures were collected at a sampling rate of 60 Hz using the eye tribe tracker, a bar plugged into a PC, placed below the screen and containing both webcam and infrared illumination. Subjects underwent to a smooth pursuit eye movement task. They had to visually follow a white dot target moving horizontally on a black background with a sinusoidal velocity. At the end of the task, a chart of the eye movements done is shown on the screen. Data are off-line analyzed to calculate several eye movement parameters: gain, eye movement delay with respect to the movement of the target, maximum speed and number of saccades exhibited during pursuit.ResultsPatients compared to controls showed higher delay and lower gain values.ConclusionsFindings confirm the adequacy of this method in order to detect eye movement differences between psychiatric patients and controls in a smooth pursuit task.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Use of NeuroEyeCoach™ to Improve Eye Movement Efficacy in Patients with Homonymous Visual Field Loss

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Sahraie ◽  
Nicola Smania ◽  
Josef Zihl
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Movement Training ◽  
Visual Field Deficits ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Healthy Control

Visual field deficits are common in patients with damaged retinogeniculostriate pathways. The patient’s eye movements are often affected leading to inefficient visual search. Systematic eye movement training also called compensatory therapy is needed to allow patients to develop effective coping strategies. There is a lack of evidence-based, clinical gold-standard registered medical device accessible to patients at home or in clinical settings and NeuroEyeCoach (NEC) is developed to address this need. In three experiments, we report on performance of patients on NEC compared to the data obtained previously on the earlier versions of the search task (n=32); we assessed whether the self-administered computerised tasks can be used to monitor the progress (n=24) and compared the findings in a subgroup of patients to a healthy control group. Performance on cancellation tasks, simple visual search, and self-reported responses on activities of daily living was compared, before and after training. Patients performed similarly well on NEC as on previous versions of the therapy; the inbuilt functionality for pre- and postevaluation functions was sensitive to allowing assessment of improvements; and improvements in patients were significantly greater than those in a group of healthy adults. In conclusion, NeuroEyeCoach can be used as an effective rehabilitation tool to develop compensatory strategies in patients with visual field deficits after brain injury.

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