Tactile Recognition of Mirror Images by Children: Intermanual Transfer and Rotation of the Palm

Perception ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-547
Author(s):  
Barbara Heath ◽  
George Ettlinger ◽  
Josephine V Brown
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intermanual Transfer ◽  
The Right ◽  
Recognition Errors ◽  
Hand Recognition ◽  
Stimulus Materials ◽  
Other Orientation

In order to evaluate the importance of the axis of stimulus presentation, inter- and intramanual recognition of mirror pairs was studied with the stimulus materials aligned along the front/back axis (whereas in previous work the mirror pairs were aligned along the left/right axis). Children were allowed to feel shapes with the whole hand, with only four fingers (excluding the thumb), or with only the index finger. After learning with one hand, recognition was tested in experiment 1 with the other hand; after learning with one orientation of the hand (palm down or up), recognition was tested in experiment 2 with the other orientation (palm up or down) of the same hand; after learning with one coronal alignment of the hand (to the left or right), recognition was tested in experiment 3 with the other alignment (to the right or left), but without rotation, of the same hand. Significantly fewer intermanual recognition errors were made on mirror pairs with the materials oriented along the front/back axis than in previous work when oriented along the left/right axis. This supports the suggestion that such errors arise when the stimuli are oriented along the left/right axis during formation of the memory trace. The same trend was unexpectedly obtained for intramanual recognition errors (after rotation of the hand). These errors (after hand rotation) are largely due to coding with respect to the hand; they are reduced when the hand is not aligned with the body axis, since then coding can also occur in relation to the environment.

scholarly journals XIV.—Ancient Gold Ornaments: described by John Yonge Akerman, Esq. Secretary

Archaeologia ◽  
1853 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-193
Author(s):  
John Yonge Akerman
Keyword(s):  
Light Chain ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Plate Viii ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Small Loop ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Of Greece

With the exception of Figs. 1, 2, 3, the Gold Ornaments engraved in Plate VIII. have no reference whatever to each other. The first three were obtained by Viscount Strangford, Director of the Society, from a Greek priest at Milo, in the year 1820. Figs. 1 and 3 appear to have formed the ends of a light chain, and the other (fig. 2) to have been pendent by a small loop on the top of the head. The figure has unfortunately lost the feet and the left hand, but the other parts are perfect. The right hand is raised in an admonitory attitude. The forehead appears as if encircled with a wreath, while the body is crossed by what would seem to be intended for the tendril of a vine. The necklace was formerly in the collection of the late Mr. H. P. Borrell, of Smyrna, but I am informed by his brother, Mr. Maximilian Borrell, who now possesses it, that no record exists of its discovery, and that he cannot learn the name of the individual from whom it was purchased. It was well known that Mr. H. P. Borrell was in the habit of purchasing ancient coins, which were sent to him from all parts of Greece and Asia-Minor, and that many rare and unique specimens fell into his hands, of which he contributed descriptions in various volumes of the Numismatic Chronicle. The necklace may, therefore, have been included in one of these numerous consignments, and we can scarcely indulge the hope that the place of its discovery will ever be made known. As an example of ancient art, it may vie with the most elaborate and beautiful specimens of goldsmiths' work of any age or period. The details are wonderfully minute and delicate, even the backs of the button-like objects at the ends of the pendent cords being elaborately finished.

Barrier and Penetration Scores in Relation to Some Objective and Subjective Somesthetic Measures

1984 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Sabatini ◽  
Vezio Ruggieri ◽  
Maria Milizia
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inverse Relation ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Body Perception ◽  
Muscular Tone ◽  
The Right ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Female Subjects

Barrier and Penetration scores in relation to some variables, such as muscular tone at rest, sensitivity to tickle, and body perception were studied in a group of 35 female subjects. While no correlations appear within the whole group of subjects between Barrier scores and the other variables, an inverse relation emerges between Penetration scores and muscular tone on the left side of the body. Dividing subjects on the basis of Barrier scores, three groups with different characteristics appear: 12 subjects with high Barrier scores show an inverse relation of Barrier scores with sensitivity to tickle on the right side of the body; 12 subjects with middle Barrier scores show a direct relation of Barrier scores with muscular tone and an inverse one with both latency of tickle on the right half of the body and body perception; 11 subjects with low Barrier scores show an inverse relation of Barrier scores with durations of tickle on both sides of the body.

scholarly journals Existence of mandibular directional asymmetry in the European wild boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758)

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (04) ◽  
pp. 228-232
Author(s):  
P. Parés-Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Asymmetric Structure ◽  
Dorsal Aspect ◽  
European Wild Boar ◽  
Perfect Symmetry ◽  
The Right

Abstract Introduction and material and methods. We studied a sample of 37 dentulous dry mandibles from European wild board (Sus scrofa) and compared both the right and left sides in their dorsal aspect. To study the influence of age, the samples were grouped according to dental status: “subadults” (erupting 3rd M, n=22) and “adults” (fully erupted 3rd M, n=15). Individual levels of asymmetry were analysed from x- and y-coordinates of the 16 landmarks on the dorsal aspect of the mandible. Results. The analysis separated directional asymmetry (one side of the body with a larger character value than the other) and fluctuating asymmetry (small random deviations from perfect symmetry), which were both found to be significant. Conclusion. The condylar ramus was the most asymmetric structure for both age groups.

Memoirs: The Reproductive System and Associated Organs of the Brittle-Star Ophiothrix Fragilis

1940 ◽  
Vol s2-82 (326) ◽  
pp. 267-309
Author(s):  
J. B. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Axial Organ ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stone Canal

1. The organs associated, either directly or indirectly, with reproduction in the Ophiuroidea are the axial organ and related sinuses (axial organ complex), the genital raehis, the gonads (localized expansions of the raehis), the gonoducts, and the genital bursae. 2. Evidence is presented in favour of the view of Fedotov (1924) that the axial organ of Ophiuroids is made up of two closely associated parts each surrounded by its own sinus from the wall of which it is, during development, proliferated. The left axial sinus (aboral in the adult) is derived from the left anterior coelom of the larva, the right axial sinus (oral in the adult) from the madreporie vesicle which itself is a derivative of the right anterior coelom of the larva. 3. The ampulla of the stone canal is continuous with, and is part of, the left axial sinus. 4. An account is given of the morphology and histology of the genital rachis and sinus. 5. Examination of the gonads of female Ophiothrix indicate that the breeding season extends from about March to October and that, during this time, there is periodic emission of ova, probably at monthly intervals. Males, on the other hand, produce sperm all the year round. 6. The genital bursae number two pairs to each interradial pouch. They serve, primarily, as organs of respiration. Special mechanisms, which are described, are concerned in the intake and expulsion of water. 7. The gonads do not discharge their products directly into the genital bursae nor through temporarily formed pores in the body-wall but through specially developed and permanent gonoducts, one to each of the ten gonads. 8. Young specimens found in the genital bursae have attained their position only after a period of free-swimming larval life. After settling and metamorphosing, some of the young individuals crawl into the bursae. 9. As a consequence of the previous observation it is pointed out that the presence of the young within the genital bursae of the adult is by no means an indication of a viviparous habit.

scholarly journals Integration of Proprioceptive and Visual Position-Information: An Experimentally Supported Model

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 1355-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. van Beers ◽  
Anne C. Sittig ◽  
Jan J. Denier van der Gon
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Variable Errors ◽  
Available Information

Integration of proprioceptive and visual position-information: an experimentally supported model. To localize one’s hand, i.e., to find out its position with respect to the body, humans may use proprioceptive information or visual information or both. It is still not known how the CNS combines simultaneous proprioceptive and visual information. In this study, we investigate in what position in a horizontal plane a hand is localized on the basis of simultaneous proprioceptive and visual information and compare this to the positions in which it is localized on the basis of proprioception only and vision only. Seated at a table, subjects matched target positions on the table top with their unseen left hand under the table. The experiment consisted of three series. In each of these series, the target positions were presented in three conditions: by vision only, by proprioception only, or by both vision and proprioception. In one of the three series, the visual information was veridical. In the other two, it was modified by prisms that displaced the visual field to the left and to the right, respectively. The results show that the mean of the positions indicated in the condition with both vision and proprioception generally lies off the straight line through the means of the other two conditions. In most cases the mean lies on the side predicted by a model describing the integration of multisensory information. According to this model, the visual information and the proprioceptive information are weighted with direction-dependent weights, the weights being related to the direction-dependent precision of the information in such a way that the available information is used very efficiently. Because the proposed model also can explain the unexpectedly small sizes of the variable errors in the localization of a seen hand that were reported earlier, there is strong evidence to support this model. The results imply that the CNS has knowledge about the direction-dependent precision of the proprioceptive and visual information.

A kalpis from Piraeus Street by Polygnotos

2002 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 297-308
Author(s):  
Olga E. Tzachou-Alexandri
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Wall Painting ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Artistic Style ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

The kalpis published here was found in 1961 in Piraeus Street. The scene depicted on the body of the vase comprises four young women. The principal person, around whom the representation is organised, is a woman seated on a chair. She wears a chiton and a himation, has a diadem on her head and her two hands hold a larnax on her knees. The other three women are standing. They are dressed in pepla and the two on the right also wear diadems. The one standing in front of her holds an exaleiptron. High up in the background above the head of the seated woman hangs a wreath. The artistic style recalls Polygnotos and a comparison with his other works dates our kalpis to the decade 450–440 BC, in his early period. The graffito on the mouth of the vase, ON…I, is a known trade mark and probably concerns its price. The scene, which is set in a gynaeceum, is interpreted as the adornment of a bride, and is one of the earliest such representations known. It was probably inspired by wall painting. The Piraeus Street kalpis has now answered the question of the origin of this type of gynaeceum scene, which must be ascribed to Polygnotos himself and not to one of the artists of his Group.

Note on Two Archaistic Reliefs in Oxford

1930 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
J. D. Beazley
Keyword(s):  
Empty Space ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Right

Miss Hutton's valuable article on the archaistic reliefs in Oxford contains two errors, which may as well be corrected at once. The first was pointed out to me by Mr. W. H. Buckler. Of the left-hand nymph in the representation of Pan teased, Miss Hutton writes that the artist ‘twisted the upper portion of her body round into a three-quarters frontal position, which he balanced by flinging the right arm back to fill the empty space behind the body. There is therefore no physical contact between the first nymph and Pan.’ As a matter of fact she was grasping the end of Pan's leopard-skin with her right hand, just as in the other reliefs with the same subject, and swinging not her right but her left arm back.The second slip is in the account of the Rhodian nymph relief. According to Miss Hutton, ‘the whole surface has been so much rubbed down to conceal damage that the right-hand figure, whose heavy peplos had originally a pleated kolpos with swallow-tail points, appears to be clad in a transparent veil over an equally transparent tunic.’

The Apparent Length of a Line as a Function of Its Inclination

1952 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Pollock ◽  
A. Chapanis
Keyword(s):  
Position Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standard Line ◽  
Physical Length ◽  
Variable Line ◽  
Apparent Length ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
The Right ◽  
Other Orientation

In the first of two experiments reported here, subjects adjusted the length of a variable line until it appeared to be as long as a standard line. There were two sizes of standard line, 3 and 6 inches, and each was shown vertically for some trials and horizontally for others. The variable line was presented in each of the 10° positions from 0° (horizontal), through 90° (vertical), to 170°. The principal results of the first experiment are: (1) Vertical lines look longer than horizontal lines of the same length, but lines tilted 20°-30° to the left of vertical look longer than lines in any other orientation. The results are asymmetrical, because lines tilted to the right of vertical do not look as long as those tilted to the left of vertical. (2) The variability of the settings increases as the angle increases between the standard and variable lines. (3) When they are expressed in percentage terms, the data obtained with the 3-and 6-inch standards are virtually identical, i.e. the data for the 3-inch standard can be made to match those for the 6-inch standard simply by doubling the former. (4) There are enormous differences among subjects in the patterns of settings made at the various angles. A few subjects apparently experienced no illusory effects since they adjusted the variable line to about the same physical length irrespective of its orientation. Other subjects showed exaggerated overestimations of the variable line for vertical and near-vertical positions. In the first experiment, the variable line was always to the left of the standard, and it was natural to assume that this position effect had somehow produced the asymmetry noted in paragraph 1 above. This hypothesis was tested in the second experiment which alternatively showed the variable line above, below, to the right of, and to the left of the standard line. The results of this experiment generally confirm the data of the first experiment in showing that lines tilted 20°-30° to the left of vertical look longer than lines tilted to any other position. In addition, the second experiment shows that this asymmetry in the results is not a function of the relative positions of the variable and standard lines. In general, however, overestimations of length are smaller when the two lines are one above the other, greater when the two lines are side by side.

scholarly journals XII.—The Development of the Heart in Man.

1919 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Waterston
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Peristaltic Wave ◽  
Simultaneous Development ◽  
The Right ◽  
Different Parts

Examination of living embryos has shown that the heart is a functionally active organ from a very early stage of its development. At all periods of life the result of the functional activity is in essentials the same, viz. the propulsion of the blood in a definite direction through the heart into the vessels arising from it; but the mechanism for effecting this propulsion undergoes profound alterations, and the heart becomes transformed from a simple continuous tube, destitute of valves, whose walls contract in a rhythmic peristaltic wave, into a complex four-chambered organ, divided into right and left portions, which are ultimately completely separated from one another, possessing valves, and contracting not in a peristaltic wave but in alternating consecutive contractions of the atria and ventricles of the right and left sides simultaneously. Coincidently with the changes in the heart itself, profound alterations occur in the vessels leading to and from the heart. In this combination of simultaneous development and functional activity the heart differs from the other organs of the body, and hence its development presents special problems involving the function as well as the structure of the different parts. Our knowledge of the development of the heart in man cannot yet be said to be complete.

scholarly journals XVIII. An account of an uncommon large hernia, in a letter from Dr. George Carlisle, to the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Carlisle, F. R. S

1766 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 133-141
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Friend ◽  
Dead Body ◽  
Outward Appearance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Right

My Lord, When I shewed you the drawing of an uncommon large hernia at Rose, you were pleased to say, you should be glad to have the history of it, and of what occurred in examining the body after death, in order to communicate it to the Royal Society: from that time I determined to draw out the case, but have been prevented by various other engagements, till now, that I take the liberty to present it to your Lordship; and shall be extreamly rejoiced if it prove agreeable to you, and the learned body; with it I inclose an outline of the drawing, Tab. VII. Fig. 1. and an explanation, which may make the description more intelligible. I was sorry, that for want of a proper draftsman, my good friend the captain being out of town, I could not have the situation of the stomach, with the other parts left in the abdomen, taken; but my painter was so squeamish, it was with difficulty we got the outward appearance taken from the dead body.

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