Binocular Rivalry Disrupts Stereopsis

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A Harrad ◽  
Suzanne P McKee ◽  
Randolph Blake ◽  
Yuede Yang
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Control Experiment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stereo Pair ◽  
Lower Visual Field ◽  
Threshold Elevation ◽  
Line Target ◽  
Variable Duration ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Random Dot Stereogram

Does the shift from binocular rivalry to fusion or stereopsis take time? We measured stereoacuity after rivalry suppression of one half-image of a stereoacuity line target. After the observer signalled that the single stereo half-image had been suppressed, the other half-image was presented for a variable duration. Stereoacuity thresholds were elevated for 150–200 ms. A control experiment demonstrated that the threshold elevation was due to rivalry suppression per se, rather than masking effects associated with the rivalry-inducing target. Monocular Vernier thresholds, measured as the smallest identifiable abrupt shift in the upper line of an aligned Vernier target that had previously been suppressed by rivalry, were elevated for a much longer duration. This result shows that an appropriately matched stereo pair can break rivalry suppression more easily than can monocular changes in position. With the aid of a similar paradigm, we also measured the duration needed to detect a disparate feature in a random-dot stereogram after rivalry suppression of one half-image of the stereogram. Observers could correctly identify the location of the disparate feature (upper or lower visual field) when the other half-image was presented for a duration ranging from 150–650 ms. In the absence of the matching half-image, the first half-image was suppressed by the rival target for a far longer duration (a few seconds). These findings show that although stereopsis and fusion terminate rivalry, both are initially disrupted for a few hundred milliseconds by rivalry suppression.

The Problem of the Typology of Rationality in Muslim Culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 88-99
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Lukashev
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
The Common ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The One ◽  
Muslim Culture

The typology of rationality is one of major issues of modern philosophy. In an attempt to provide a typology to Oriental materials, a researcher faces additional problems. The diversity of the Orient as such poses a major challenge. When we say “Oriental,” we mean several cultures for which we cannot find a common denominator. The concept of “Orient” involves Arabic, Indian, Chinese, Turkish and other cultures, and the only thing they share is that they are “non-Western.” Moreover, even if we focus just on Islamic culture and look into rationality in this context, we have to deal with a conglomerate of various trends, which does not let us define, with full confidence, a common theoretical basis and treat them as a unity. Nevertheless, we have to go on trying to find common directions in thought development, so as to draw conclusions about types of rationality possible in Islamic culture. A basis for such a typology of rationality in the context of the Islamic world was recently suggested in A.V. Smirnov’s logic of sense theory. However, actual empiric material cannot always fit theoretical models, and the cases that do not fit the common scheme are interesting per se. On the one hand, examination of such cases gives an opportunity to specify certain provisions of the theory and, on the other hand, to define the limits of its applicability.

scholarly journals Color-Binding Errors During Rivalrous Suppression of Form

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1084-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Wook Hong ◽  
Steven K. Shevell
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Stimulus ◽  
Physical Stimulation ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Perceptual Alternation ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Binding Errors

How does a physical stimulus determine a conscious percept? Binocular rivalry provides useful insights into this question because constant physical stimulation during rivalry causes different visual experiences. For example, presentation of vertical stripes to one eye and horizontal stripes to the other eye results in a percept that alternates between horizontal and vertical stripes. Presentation of a different color to each eye (color rivalry) produces alternating percepts of the two colors or, in some cases, a color mixture. The experiments reported here reveal a novel and instructive resolution of rivalry for stimuli that differ in both form and color: perceptual alternation between the rivalrous forms (e.g., horizontal or vertical stripes), with both eyes' colors seen simultaneously in separate parts of the currently perceived form. Thus, the colors presented to the two eyes (a) maintain their distinct neural representations despite resolution of form rivalry and (b) can bind separately to distinct parts of the perceived form.

HALF-WAY TECHNOLOGIES ARE PROFITABLE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-681
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Commercial Organizations

Decisive interventions, like vaccines, can be quite inexpensive. But commercial organizations make money by selling commodities; they cannot produce and sell "health" per se. The most profitable commodities are those embodying the "half-way" technologies, for those with the means to pay for them-again and again and again. Vaccines, on the other hand, "may never prove as enticing as drugs for pharmaceutical makers. They can be quite expensive to develop, and they produce less income-repeated refills not required ... "

The relationship among freezing tolerance, vernalization requirement, Ppd alleles and winter hardiness in European wheat cultivars

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (9) ◽  
pp. 1353-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. GORASH ◽  
R. ARMONIENĖ ◽  
Ž. LIATUKAS ◽  
G. BRAZAUSKAS
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYWinter hardiness of wheat is a complex trait involving a system of structural, regulatory and developmental genes, which interact in a complex pathway. The objective of the present work was to study the relationship among the main traits determining the level of adaptation and the possibility for target manipulation of breeding material by using molecular markers and phenological parameters. Wheat cultivars from different ecoclimatic environments of Europe were included for analysis. Gene-specific assay showed that photoperiod sensitivity of the studied cultivars was determined by polymorphism in the Ppd-D1 allele. The study established the relationship among winter hardiness, LT50 (the temperature at which 50% of plants are killed), photoperiod sensitivity, vernalization duration and earliness per se genes in the environment of Lithuania. The cultivars from Northern and Western Europe exhibited stronger requirement for vernalization and photoperiod. Although the group of cultivars from the southern latitudes were characterized by earliness, they possessed a stronger level of LT50. The level of LT50 was found to be the most crucial component of winter hardiness, the other traits served as supplementary components.

Semantic Congruency Improves Recognition Memory Performance for Both Audiovisual and Visual Stimuli

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 763-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni Heikkilä ◽  
Kimmo Alho ◽  
Kaisa Tiippana
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
The Other ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Semantic Congruency ◽  
Recognition Memory Performance ◽  
Visual Encoding ◽  
Per Se

Audiovisual semantic congruency during memory encoding has been shown to facilitate later recognition memory performance. However, it is still unclear whether this improvement is due to multisensory semantic congruency or just semantic congruencyper se. We investigated whether dual visual encoding facilitates recognition memory in the same way as audiovisual encoding. The participants memorized auditory or visual stimuli paired with a semantically congruent, incongruent or non-semantic stimulus in the same modality or in the other modality during encoding. Subsequent recognition memory performance was better when the stimulus was initially paired with a semantically congruent stimulus than when it was paired with a non-semantic stimulus. This congruency effect was observed with both audiovisual and dual visual stimuli. The present results indicate that not only multisensory but also unisensory semantically congruent stimuli can improve memory performance. Thus, the semantic congruency effect is not solely a multisensory phenomenon, as has been suggested previously.

scholarly journals Rural as Periphery Per Se? Unravelling the Discursive Node

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianka Plüschke-Altof
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Hegemonic Discourse ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Per Se

Despite often being used interchangeably, the dominant equation of the rural with the peripheral is not self-evident. In order to critically scrutinize the discursive node, the aim of this article is twofold. On one hand, it argues for overcoming the prevalent urban‒rural divide and dominant structural approaches in sociological and geographical research by introducing discursive peripheralization as a conceptual framework, which allows the analysis of the discursive (re-)production of socio-spatial inequalities on and between different scales. On the other hand, this article explores how rural areas are constituted as peripheries within a hegemonic discourse naturalizing the ascription of development (non-)potentials. Following a critical discourse analysis approach, this will be illustrated in the case of periphery constructions in Estonian national print media.

Pleasingness vs Interestingness of Visual Stimuli with Controlled Complexity: Their Relationship to Looking Time as a Function of Exposure Time

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerda Smets
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Stimulus Pair ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stimulus Complexity

Ss take more time to perceive interesting/displeasing stimuli than uninteresting/pleasing ones. This is consistent with the results of former experiments. However we used a different operationalization of looking time, based on binocular rivalry. Each of six stimulus pairs was presented in a stereoscope. One member of each pair was interesting but displeasing in comparison to the other member. Stimulus complexity was under control. Due to binocular rivalry Ss perceived only one pattern a time. 20 Ss were asked to indicate which pattern they actually saw by pushing two buttons. For each stimulus pair was registered how long each button was pushed during each of six successive minutes. Unlike other operationalizations this one is less dependent on S's determination of what stimulus will be looked at or for how long. It has the advantage that it is bound up more exclusively with relations of similarity and dissimilarity between stimulus elements. It allows manipulation of exposure time in a systematic and continuous way. There is no significant interaction between looking and exposure time.

What is Suppressed during Binocular Rivalry?

Perception ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph Blake ◽  
David H Westendorf ◽  
Randall Overton
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dominant Eye ◽  
Prior Adaptation

To answer the question ‘What is suppressed during binocular rivalry?’ a series of three experiments was performed. In the first experiment observers viewed binocular rivalry between orthogonally oriented patterns. When the dominant and suppressed patterns were interchanged between the eyes observers continued seeing with the dominant eye, indicating that an eye, not a pattern, is suppressed during rivalry. In a second experiment it was found that a suppressed eye was able to contribute to stereopsis. A third experiment demonstrated that the predominance of an eye could be influenced by prior adaptation of the other eye, indicating that binocular mechanisms participate in the rivalry process.

Tipos de Predicação em Aristóteles

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (26) ◽  
pp. 7-34
Author(s):  
António Pedro Mesquita ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Specific Difference ◽  
Complex Entity ◽  
Posterior Analytics ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Syntactic Position ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Per Se

Predication is a complex entity in Aristotelian thought. The aim of the present essay is to account for this complexity, making explicit the diverse forms it assumes. To this end, we tum to a crucial chapter of the Posterior Analytics (1 22), where, in the most complete and developed manner within the corpus, Aristotle proceeds to systematize this topic. From the analysis, it will become apparent that predication can assume, generically, five forms: 1) the predication of essence (τὸ αύτᾢ εἶναι κατηγορεἲσθαι), that is of the genus and the specific difference; 2) essential predication (τὸ αύτᾢ εἶναι κατηγορεἲσθαι), that is either of the genus or of the differences (or their genera); 3) the predication of accidents per se 4) and of simple accidents (ώς συμβεβηκότα κατηγορεἲσθαι); and 5) accidental predication (κατἁ συμβεβηκός κατηγορεἲσθαι). However, only types 2-4 are forms of strict predication (άπλὢς). In effect, the “predication” of essence is not a genuine predication, but a formula for identity, constituting, technically, the statement of the essence of the subject (or its definition). On the other hand, accidental “predication” can only be conceived of as such equivocally, since it results from a linguistic accident through which the ontological subject of the attribution suffers a displacement to the syntactic position of the predicate, which is not, by nature, its own. In neither case does the phrase bring about any legitimate predication. The study concludes with a discussion of Aristotle’s thesis according to which no substance can be a predicate, which is implied by its notion of accidental predication, a thesis which has been - and in our opinion wrongly so - challenged in modem times.

The Artful Politics of Trauma: Rancière’s Critique of Lyotard

2018 ◽  
pp. 121-141
Author(s):  
Tina Chanter
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Singular Event ◽  
Privileged Status ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Absolute

Just as Rancière challenges the absolute difference between politics and art, he resists the absolutization of the other that he sees as characteristic of the ethical turn in contemporary aesthetics. The tendency of Lyotard, however, remains turning alterity into the unrepresentable, the unassimilable, and the unthinkable. Its consequences are precisely what Rancière forebodes with the appropriation of the sublime: For all its talk of art witnessing that which is unrepresentable—and the holocaust as the unrepresentable per se—the ethical turn only manages to rejoin a discourse of purism. If everyone is traumatised, what specific meaning remains for trauma? This chapter explores the context of Rancière’s critique of Lyotard, particularly regarding the attenuation of any sense to trauma that accumulates a privileged status for its singular event; it subsequently interrogates the generalization of trauma to such an extent that one evacuates it of any significance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document