scholarly journals Types of Consciousness: The Diversity Problem

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Montemayor
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Cognitive Diversity ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
The One ◽  
Minimally Conscious

Consciousness research has a cognitive-diversity problem. Any view that holds that attention is either necessary for consciousness or that attention precedes conscious awareness confronts the difficulty that the theoretical categorization of attention is as diverse as the categorization of intelligent cognition, but consciousness is typically referred to as a single and unified capacity. On the one hand, we have a multiplicity of kinds of attention. On the other hand, we use a monolithic “phenomenal” notion of consciousness to define the dependency of consciousness on all these diverse kinds of attention. Since attention is defined in terms of a diverse variety of functions, a lot more needs to be said with respect to the claim that attention is either necessary for consciousness or that attentional processing precedes conscious awareness. Is this dependency based on the diverse cognitive functions of attention? If so, why conceive of consciousness as a single informationally unified cognitive capacity? What does the multiplicity of kinds of attention entail for consciousness research? This is the “diversity problem.” This article argues that consciousness should be also considered as a diverse set of capacities, based on the diversity of attention. While we have the intuition that consciousness is a unified perspective, the article shows that consistency demands this diverse approach. Since research on attention distinguishes a wide range of functions and levels of cognitive processing, the dependency of consciousness on attention entails diverse conscious capacities and diverse types of awareness beyond the distinctions between being awake, dreaming, and being minimally conscious.

Ontology and Perception

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-58
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Galko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Ontological Question ◽  
The One ◽  
Bodies Of Water ◽  
The Relationship

The ontological question of what there is, from the perspective of common sense, is intricately bound to what can be perceived. The above observation, when combined with the fact that nouns within language can be divided between nouns that admit counting, such as ‘pen’ or ‘human’, and those that do not, such as ‘water’ or ‘gold’, provides the starting point for the following investigation into the foundations of our linguistic and conceptual phenomena. The purpose of this paper is to claim that such phenomena are facilitated by, on the one hand, an intricate cognitive capacity, and on the other by the complex environment within which we live. We are, in a sense, cognitively equipped to perceive discrete instances of matter such as bodies of water. This equipment is related to, but also differs from, that devoted to the perception of objects such as this computer. Behind this difference in cognitive equipment underlies a rich ontology, the beginnings of which lies in the distinction between matter and objects. The following paper is an attempt to make explicit the relationship between matter and objects and also provide a window to our cognition of such entities.

scholarly journals Opisy interiekcji w wybranych XIX-wiecznych słownikach języka polskiego

LingVaria ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Marek Kaszewski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Functional Variants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Units

Descriptions of Interjections in Selected Polish Dictionaries from 19th Century The author of the text analyses interjections present in three Polish dictionaries from the 19th century: the dictionaries by S.B. Linde, J.S. Bandtkie and A. Osiński, which are a part of a larger linguistic collection created in order to study and describe historical Polish interjections. The article takes into account the internal diversity of the historical class of interjections in the light of the lexicographers’ attempts to describe such units. Our attention is drawn to the lack of graphical normalization of interjections in the dictionaries, as well as the inconsistency of their marking and definition on the one hand, and the wide range of functional variants on the other. Differences in the manner of presentation of interjections in these dictionaries are also taken into account. Moreover, the author emphasizes the fact that they include a large number of animal-related (hunting) interjections. The study of the dictionary materials confirmed that their authors did not work out a method of a lexicographical description of these linguistic units.

scholarly journals Hegel’s Lectures on the History of Modern Philosophy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin de Boer
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
The One

This chapter examines Hegel’s lectures on the history of modern philosophy in view of the tension between, on the one hand, his ambition to grasp philosophy’s past in a truly philosophical way and, on the other hand, the necessity to account for the actual particularities of a wide range of philosophical systems. Hegel’s lectures are put in relief by comparing their methodological principles to those put forward by his Kantian predecessor Tennemann. After discussing Hegel’s conception of modern philosophy as a whole, the chapter turns to his reading of Locke, Leibniz, and, in particular, Kant. In this context, it also compares Hegel’s assessment of Kant’s achievements to that of Tennemann. The chapter concludes by considering Hegel’s account of the final moment of the history of philosophy.

Combining Forms and Affixoids in Morphology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dany Amiot ◽  
Edwige Dugas
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Good Criterion ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One

Word-formation encompasses a wide range of processes, among which we find derivation and compounding, two processes yielding productive patterns which enable the speaker to understand and to coin new lexemes. This article draws a distinction between two types of constituents (suffixes, combining forms, splinters, affixoids, etc.) on the one hand and word-formation processes (derivation, compounding, blending, etc.) on the other hand but also shows that a given constituent can appear in different word-formation processes. First, it describes prototypical derivation and compounding in terms of word-formation processes and of their constituents: Prototypical derivation involves a base lexeme, that is, a free lexical elements belonging to a major part-of-speech category (noun, verb, or adjective) and, very often, an affix (e.g., Fr. laverV ‘to wash’ > lavableA ‘washable’), while prototypical compounding involves two lexemes (e.g., Eng. rainN + fallV > rainfallN). The description of these prototypical phenomena provides a starting point for the description of other types of constituents and word-formation processes. There are indeed at least two phenomena which do not meet this description, namely, combining forms (henceforth CFs) and affixoids, and which therefore pose an interesting challenge to linguistic description, be it synchronic or diachronic. The distinction between combining forms and affixoids is not easy to establish and the definitions are often confusing, but productivity is a good criterion to distinguish them from each other, even if it does not answer all the questions raised by bound forms. In the literature, the notions of CF and affixoid are not unanimously agreed upon, especially that of affixoid. Yet this article stresses that they enable us to highlight, and even conceptualize, the gradual nature of linguistic phenomena, whether from a synchronic or a diachronic point of view.

Regulatory law: some lessons from the past

Legal Studies ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Ogus
Keyword(s):  
Social Engineering ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Single European Market ◽  
Regulatory Law ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

Regulation as a legal form of social engineering has been subjected to much analysis in the last decade or so. The importance of the topic to contemporary law cannot be overstated: on the one hand, it has been the avowed aim of government to ‘deregulate’ industry; on the other hand, and paradoxically, both the concomitant policy of privatisation and the evolution towards a Single European Market have increased the need for regulation in appropriate areas. The efforts to explore the strengths and weaknesses of different regulatory forms have brought together scholars from a wide range of disciplines. Administrative lawyers have been concerned with how the power of decision-making is allocated between institutions and the general problems of accountability and control of discretion to which this gives rise. Socio-legal researchers have critically examined the practices of regulatory agencies as regards rule formulation and enforcement.

Indian Writing in English and the Discrepant Zones of World Literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-139
Author(s):  
Dirk Wiemann
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Visibility ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Indian Writing In English ◽  
The One

AbstractFor world literature studies, Indian writing in English offers an exceptionally rich and variegated field of analysis: On the one hand, a set of prominent Indian or diasporic writers accrues substantial literary capital through metropolitan review circuits and award systems and thus maintains the high international visibility that Indian writing in English has acquired ever since the early 1980s. Addressing a readership that spans countries and continents, this kind of writing functions as a viable tributary to world literature. On the other hand, a new boom of Indian mass fiction in English has emerged that, while targeting a strictly domestic audience, is always already implicated in the dynamics of world literature as well, albeit in a very different way: As they deploy, appropriate and adopt a wide range of globally available templates of popular genres, these texts have globality inscribed into their very textures even if they do not circulate internationally.

Urban Native Food in Johannesburg

Africa ◽  
1936 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Hellmann
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Free Play ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The One

There are two factors affecting the diet of urban Natives: on the one hand there is the expansive influence of assimilation to and adoption of European food habits, and on the other hand there is active a restrictive influence in the shape of poverty. The urban Native, through his close contact with European culture which residence in an urban environment inevitably entails, has been introduced to an extraordinarily wide range of new foodstuffs and new ways of preparing food. Consequently the range of his food desires has been much increased. But his desires are not allowed free play among this new and wide selection. The factor which narrows down his choice and curbs his desire is his poverty. The urban Native eats according to the capacity of his pocket and his food is usually the first item of expenditure which is marked out for especial economy.

scholarly journals Role of education in the concept of the “New Society” of the authoritarian regime of Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines (1972-1982)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-235
Author(s):  
Nina Vladimirovna Prakapovich
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Educational Policy ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Export Strategy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Political Modernization ◽  
The One

Russian historiography pays considerable attention to the economic and political modernization of the life of the Philippine archipelago, starting from the time of Spaniards, then, American colonization and ending with the era of independence. However, the educational policy on which, on the one hand, the successes of the political and socio-economic modernization of the Philippines have been based throughout the country’s history, and on the other, which by the beginning of the 21st century has become a serious obstacle to economic independence and the establishment of national self-identity, are undeservedly ignored by domestic researchers. The author of this article in previous works has already made attempts to identify the features of the educational policy of Spaniards and Americans in the Philippines, as well as of the independent Philippine governments in the first decades after the end of World War II. But no less interesting is the era of the authoritarian regime of the President of the Philippines, Ferdinand Marcos (1972-1982). Analyzing a wide range of foreign literature and relying on presidential decrees and testimonies of contemporaries as sources, the author comes to the conclusion that the educational policy of the Marcos era is ambiguous: on the one hand, it has become an effective tool to combat country’s main social - economic problems in the 1970s - the problem of unemployment. On the other hand, in the early 1980s it led to its aggravation and marked the beginning of the mass labor migration of Filipinos, which continues to this day. Political decisions made on issues such as the language of instruction, the introduction of a national entrance exam in colleges and universities, and the publication of new textbooks have become critical levers in the deployment of education in support of the labor export strategy in the Marcos era.

scholarly journals Conceptualizing translation in Poland in 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-114
Author(s):  
Anna Kuźnik
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Additional Hypothesis ◽  
Item Questionnaire ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One ◽  
Methodological Strategy

This paper aims to provide an account of our survey on the semiotic nature of the concept of translation among young Polish native speakers. The methodological strategy adopted is a con­structive replication of Sandra Halverson’s survey conducted in Norway in 1997. We claim, in our main hypothesis (stemming from a theoretical background of prototype semantics, which we used for measuring our object), that the concept of translation is not uniform and includes different semiotic types of translation, some of which are perceived as central (prototypical), and others as peripheral. According to our additional hypothesis, young Polish native speakers have a broad notion of translation (encompassing a wide range of intralingual and intersemiotic translations), even broader than their Norwegian counterparts, more than twenty years ago. Our data has been collected in 2018 using a seven-item questionnaire (seven different text pairs) with a seven-value scale from 103 subjects. While the main hypothesis has been confirmed, the additional hypothesis was rejected, with Polish respondents conceiving the concept of translation more narrowly. The methodological format of a replication produced an ambivalent effect: on the one hand, it yielded positive incentive, and on the other hand, it became our principal hindrance.

scholarly journals Geneza i początki Studium Słowiańskiego UJ

LingVaria ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (27) ◽  
pp. 11-33
Author(s):  
Mirosław Skarżyński
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Young People ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Communist Government ◽  
The One ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Slavic Studies

The Origin and Early Years of the Slavic Institute of the Jagiellonian UniversityIn 1925, the Slavic Institute was opened at the Jagiellonian University with a view to educate experts in Slavic studies. The intention was for the studies to be interdisciplinary, it was planned to create departments not only in literary studies and linguistics, but covering a possibly wide range of disciplines. The idea of the Study was born not in the academic milieu, but among politicians. The intention was to create an institution which, on the one hand, would educate Poles about Slavdom, and on the other, would win Poland sympathizers in other countries by inviting young people from Slavic countries and making it possible for them to study in Cracow. It was also planned that Polish graduates of the Institute would be given scholarships to various Slavic countries. Another goal of the Institute was to prevent Czechoslovakia from dominating Slavdom. Due to the economic situation of Poland in late 1920s and early 1930s, the project was implemented only partially. The contribution of the Institute to the development of Slavic studies in Poland, however, is unqestionable, especially in the field of personnel education. The Institute was closed in 1951, as part of the reform of higher education that was undertaken by the communist government and destroyed the academic milieu in Poland.

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