A Componential Model of Human Interaction with Graphs. V: Using Pie Graphs to Make Comparisons

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (21) ◽  
pp. 3-439-3-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Gillan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Angular Position ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Graph Reading ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Graph Designs ◽  
Direct Models

Research and models of graph reading suggest that the reader's task is an important determinant of the perceptual and cognitive processing components that the reader uses. When people read a pie graph to determine the proportional size of a segment, they apply three processing components: selecting the appropriate mental anchor to which to compare the segment (25%, 50%, or 75%), mentally aligning the anchor to the angular position of the segment around the pie, and mentally adjusting the anchor to match the pie segment size. When a pie graph reader faces a different task, e.g., estimating the ratio of two segments or the difference between two segments, does she use the same processing components to estimate the proportions of A and of B (and then divide one estimate into the other) or does she use a more direct method of mentally aligning the two segments to be compared, then mentally overlaying one on the other (for a ratio) or estimating the spatial difference between the pie segments (for a difference). Two experiments supported the Direct models over the Proportion-based models. The component processes of the Direct models suggest that pie graph designs that eliminated the angular difference between segments being compared should improve performance.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF RACE AND EMOTION ON COGNITION AND METACOGNITION OF FACIAL PICTURES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaolan Li ◽  
◽  
Wenwu Dai ◽  
Peiyao Cong ◽  
Ning Jia
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Face Image ◽  
The Other ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Race 2

"In our daily life, the ability of processing the other people's facial features (such as race, emotion, etc.) are of great significance of us to adapt to social environment and participate in social interaction. In this study, a 2 (race: own-race/ other-race) ×2 (emotion: positive/ negative) within-subjects design was used to investigate how the race and emotion on face affect the processing of cognition and the processing of metacognition. There are five tasks: ease-of-learning (EOL) judgement, remembering, judgement of learning (JOL), recognition and judgement of confidence (JOC). The results revealed that :(1) EOL judgement was only affected by race, which showed that participants made higher EOL judgement for other-race faces than for own-race. (2) The processing fluency was only affected by emotion, which showed that participants spend less time for learning the faces with negative emotion. (3) JOL is not only affected by race, but also moderated by emotion. The results showed that: in the positive emotion condition, JOLs of foreign faces was significantly higher than that of native faces, whereas, in the condition of negative emotion, the difference between the two was not significant. (4) Other-race effect was found in recognition scores, and the other-race effect was moderated by emotion. The results showed that the recognition performance of native face was significantly better than that foreign face in the negative emotion condition. In the condition of positive emotion, the difference between the two was not significant. (5) The trend of confidence judgment was the same as recognition scores. The conclusions were as follows :(1) Emotion has a significant influence on face image cod, while race information has a significant influence on face image cod, and emotional information plays a moderating role; (2) The metacognitive processing of face was influenced by multiple factors such as ethnicity, emotion and cognitive processing information. In conclusion, when processing face image, there is significant separation between cognition and metacognition at different stages, under the influence of ethnicity and emotion. In addition, this study also provides a partial explanation for the difference in accuracy between prospective and retrospective metacognitive monitoring."

to increase simultaneously the manifestness of a wide range of assumptions, so that her intention concerning each of these assumptions is weakly manifest, then each of them is weakly communicated. An example would be sniffing ecstatically and osten-sively at the fresh seaside air. There is, of course, a continuum of cases in between. In the case of strong communication, the communicator can have fairly precise expectations about some of the thoughts that the audience will actually entertain. With weaker forms of communication, the communicator can merely expect to steer the thoughts of the audience in a certain direction. Often, in human interaction, weak communication is found sufficient or even preferable to the stronger forms. Non-verbal communication tends to be relatively weak. One of the advantages of verbal communication is that it gives rise to the strongest possible form of com-munication; it enables the hearer to pin down the speaker’s intentions about the explicit content of her utterance to a single, strongly manifest candidate, with no alternative worth considering at all. On the other hand, what is implicit in ver-bal communication is generally weakly communicated: the hearer can often fulfil part of the speaker’s informative intention by forming any of several roughly similar but not identical assumptions. Because all communication has been seen as strong communication, descriptions of non-verbal communication have been marred by spurious attributions of ‘meaning’; in the case of verbal communication, the difference between explicit content and implicit import has been seen as a differ-ence not in what gets communicated but merely in the means by which it is com-municated, and the vagueness of implicatures and non-literal forms of expression has been idealised away. Our account of informative intentions in terms of man-ifestness of assumptions corrects these distortions without introducing either ad hoc machinery or vagueness of description.

2005 ◽  
pp. 164-164
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Explicit Content ◽  
The Difference

A Componential Model of Human Interaction with Graphs. III. Spatial Orientation

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Gillan ◽  
S. Mark LaSalle
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Star Graphs ◽  
Component Process ◽  
Graph Comprehension ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
Nonmonotonic Change ◽  
The Difference

The Mixed Arithmetic-Perceptual (MA-P) model of graph comprehension proposes that graph users apply combinations of component processes — including Searching for indicators, Encoding the value of indicators, performing Arithmetic Operations on the values, making Spatial Comparisons among the indicators, and Responding — when they answer questions from a graph. The model further suggests that the combination and order of the components that the user applies depends on a user's task and the type of graph. The present research investigated the use of another component process — mental rotation — in interacting with star graphs. Subjects used two star graphs to answer comparison and difference questions in which the differences in orientation of the indicators in question varied from 0 to 288°. The results showed a nonmonotonic change in response time with the difference in orientation. The discussion addresses the effects of mental rotation in reading displays and the role that rotation may play in the hierarchy of graph effectiveness proposed by Cleveland and McGill.

On Teaching the Gerund and Gerundive in Latin

1941 ◽  
Vol 10 (29) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
W. S. Maguinness
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Year ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Initial Effort ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Year University

The task of elucidating the nature and use of the gerund and gerundive is notoriously one of the most difficult which the teacher of Latin has to face. He can draw no analogy between these forms and those used for the same purposes in English or in the other modern languages studied by his pupils; and the twofold antithesis between these two parts of the verb and between the uses of each in the nominative and in the oblique cases constitutes a puzzle whose adequate clarification by the usual methods must inevitably demand more time than can easily be devoted to a single construction. My fairly long experience of teaching first-year university students and of assessing S.C. and H.S.C. candidates certainly indicates that the gerund and gerundive have often been left behind ungrasped. And yet to hammer away at these constructions until, if ever, they are understood would be an obnoxious example of that ‘grind of grammar’ so justly condemned by most enlightened teachers. The fact is that we have here a usage which must be learnt gradually, not indeed by Direct Method or by the unaided impressions received in the reading of texts. A vigorous initial effort is necessary to grasp in general the essential character of the two forms, the difference between them, and their quite different behaviour in different circumstances, but, instead of overburdening the pupil's memory, whether he be a junior or a comparatively advanced pupil, and overtaxing his brain-power with the attempt to digest the complicated and conflicting details once and for all, I suggest that the system of gradual assimilation, based on a mnemonic table, may be as helpful to others' pupils as it seems to have been to mine. I have found it especially useful in ‘refresher’ lessons for pupils with a confused knowledge, rather than ignorance, of the construction.

Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Itsuro Kobayashi ◽  
Tadahiro Sano ◽  
Takio Shimamoto
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Blood Coagulability ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

Energy Approximation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Isett
Keyword(s):  
Main Lemma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coarse Scale ◽  
Continuous Solutions ◽  
Material Derivative ◽  
Energy Variation ◽  
Energy Approximation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Derivatives Of

This chapter presents the equations and calculations for energy approximation. It establishes the estimates (261) and (262) of the Main Lemma (10.1) for continuous solutions; these estimates state that we are able to accurately prescribe the energy that the correction adds to the solution, as well as bound the difference between the time derivatives of these two quantities. The chapter also introduces the proposition for prescribing energy, followed by the relevant computations. Each integral contributing to the other term can be estimated. Another proposition for estimating control over the rate of energy variation is given. Finally, the coarse scale material derivative is considered.

Pengaruh Unsur Budaya Lokal dalam Ungkapan Berbahasa Perancis

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Vincentia Tri Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Minimal Element ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Community Groups ◽  
Cultural Community ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Complex Words

AbstrakFolklor yang menghasilkan tradisi lisan merupakan perwujudan budaya yang lahirdari pengalaman kelompok masyarakat. Salah satu bentuk tradisi lisan adalah ungkapan yangmengandung unsur budaya lokal dalam konstruksinya yang tidak dimiliki budaya lainnya.Ungkapan idiomatis memberikan warna pada bahasa melalui penggambaran mental. Dalambahasa Perancis, ungkapan dapat berupa locution dan expression. Perbedaan motif acuansuatu ungkapan dapat terlihat dari pengaruh budaya masyarakat pengguna bahasa. Sebuahleksem tidak selalu didefinisikan melalui unsur minimal, tidak juga melalui kata-kata,baik kata dasar atau kata kompleks, namun dapat melalui kata-kata beku yang maknanyatetap. Hubungan analogis dari makna tambahan yang ada pada suatu leksem muncul dariidentifikasi semem yang sama. Semem tersebut mengarah pada term yang diasosiasikan danyang diperkaya melalui konteks (dalam ungkapan berhubungan dengan konteks budaya).Kata kunci: folklor, ungkapan, struktur, makna idiomatis, kebudayaanAbstractFolklore which produces the oral tradition is a cultural manifestation born out theexperience of community groups. One form of the oral tradition is a phrase that containsthe elements of local culture in its construction that is not owned the other culture. Theidiomatic phrase gives the color to the language through the mental representation. InFrench, the expression can consist of locution and expression. The difference motivesreference of an expression can be seen from the influence of the cultural community thelanguage users. A lexeme is not always defined through a minimal element, nor throughwords, either basic or complex words, but can be through the frost words whose meaningsare fixed. The analogical connection of the additional meanings is on a lexeme arises fromthe identification of the same meaning. The meaning ‘semem’ leads to the associated termsand which are enriched through the context (in idiom related to the cultural context).Keywords : folklore, idioms, structure, idiom meaning, cultureI PENDAHULUAN

Rhetoric and argumentation: the unity of the field

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Meyer
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Classic Problem ◽  
False Dilemma ◽  
The Difference ◽  
As If

Rhetoric has always been torn between the rhetoric of figures and the rhetoric of conflicts or arguments, as if rhetoric were exclusively one or the other. This is a false dilemma. Both types of rhetoric hinge on the same structure. A common formula is provided in Chapter 3 which unifies rhetoric stricto sensu and rhetoric as argumentation as two distinct but related strategies adopted according to the level of problematicity of the questions at stake, thereby giving unity to the field called “Rhetoric.” Highly problematic questions require arguments to justify their answers; non-divisive ones can be treated rhetorically through their answers as if they were self-evident. Another classic problem is how to understand the difference between logic and rhetoric. The difference between the two is due to the presence of questions explicitly answered in the premises in logic and only suggested (or remaining indeterminate) in rhetoric.

scholarly journals The Respiration of some Planktonic copepods II. The Effect Of Temperature

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Gauld ◽  
J. E. G. Raymont
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Acartia Clausi ◽  
Temora Longicornis ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Planktonic Copepods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The respiratory rates of three species of planktonic copepods, Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus and Temora longicornis, were measured at four different temperatures.The relationship between respiratory rate and temperature was found to be similar to that previously found for Calanus, although the slope of the curves differed in the different species.The observations on Centropages at 13 and 170 C. can be divided into two groups and it is suggested that the differences are due to the use of copepods from two different generations.The relationship between the respiratory rates and lengths of Acartia and Centropages agreed very well with that previously found for other species. That for Temora was rather different: the difference is probably due to the distinct difference in the shape of the body of Temora from those of the other species.The application of these measurements to estimates of the food requirements of the copepods is discussed.

scholarly journals Investigating the properties of a galaxy group at z = 0.6

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (S359) ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
Daniela Hiromi Okido ◽  
Cristina Furlanetto ◽  
Marina Trevisan ◽  
Mônica Tergolina
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Numerical Density ◽  
Spectroscopy Data ◽  
Stellar Kinematics ◽  
Galaxy Groups ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Universe

AbstractGalaxy groups offer an important perspective on how the large-scale structure of the Universe has formed and evolved, being great laboratories to study the impact of the environment on the evolution of galaxies. We aim to investigate the properties of a galaxy group that is gravitationally lensing HELMS18, a submillimeter galaxy at z = 2.39. We obtained multi-object spectroscopy data using Gemini-GMOS to investigate the stellar kinematics of the central galaxies, determine its members and obtain the mass, radius and the numerical density profile of this group. Our final goal is to build a complete description of this galaxy group. In this work we present an analysis of its two central galaxies: one is an active galaxy with z = 0.59852 ± 0.00007, while the other is a passive galaxy with z = 0.6027 ± 0.0002. Furthermore, the difference between the redshifts obtained using emission and absorption lines indicates an outflow of gas with velocity v = 278.0 ± 34.3 km/s relative to the galaxy.

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