Determination of T2 cut-off for shale reservoirs: a case study from the Carynginia formation, Perth Basin, Western Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 664 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nadia Testamanti ◽  
Reza Rezaee ◽  
Yujie Yuan ◽  
Dawei Pan
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Vacuum Oven ◽  
Low Field ◽  
Wide Range

Over recent decades, the low-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) method has been consistently used in the petroleum industry for the petrophysical characterisation of conventional reservoirs. Through this non-invasive technique, the porosity, pore size distribution and fluid properties can be determined from the signal emitted by fluids present in the porous media. Transverse relaxation (T2) data, in particular, are one of the most valuable sources of information in an NMR measurement, as the resulting signal decay can be inverted to obtain the T2 distribution of the rock, which can in turn be correlated with porosity and pore size distribution. The complex pore network of shales, which can have a large portion of pore sizes in the nanopore and mesopore range, restricts the techniques that can be used to investigate their pore structure and porosity. The ability of the NMR technique to detect signals from a wide range of pores has therefore prompted the quest for more standardised interpretation methods suitable for shales. Using low-field NMR, T2 experiments were performed on shale samples from the Carynginia formation, Perth Basin, at different saturation levels. The shale samples were initially saturated with brine and the T2 spectrum for each sample was obtained. Then, they were placed in a vacuum oven and their weight monitored until a constant value was reached. T2 curves were subsequently obtained for each of the oven-dried samples and a cut-off value for clay-bound water was calculated.

Porosity and pore size distribution of shales: a case study of the Carynginia Formation, Perth Basin, Western Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 660
Author(s):  
M. Nadia Testamanti ◽  
Reza Rezaee ◽  
Jie Zou
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Pore Network ◽  
Pore Sizes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pore Characterisation ◽  
Shale Reservoirs ◽  
Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure

The evaluation of the gas storage potential of shale reservoirs requires a good understanding of their pore network. Each of the laboratory techniques used for pore characterisation can be applied to a specific range of pore sizes; but if the lithology of the rock is known, usually one suitable method can be selected to investigate its pore system. Shales do not fall under any particular lithological classification and can have a wide range of minerals present, so a combination of at least two methods is typically recommended for a better understanding of their pore network. In the laboratory, the Low-Pressure Nitrogen Gas Adsorption (LP-N2-GA) technique is typically used to examine micropores and mesopores, and Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP) tests can identify pore throats larger than 3 nm. In contrast, a wider range of pore sizes in rock can be screened with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), either in laboratory measurements made on cores or through well logging, provided that the pores are saturated with a fluid. The pore network of a set of shale core samples from the Carynginia Formation was investigated using a combination of laboratory methods. The cores were studied using the NMR, LP-N2-GA and MICP techniques, and the experimental porosity and pore size distribution results are presented. When NMR results were calibrated with MICP or LP-N2-GA measurements, then the pore size distribution of the shale samples studied could be estimated.

Analysis of Water Forms in Lignite and Pore Size Distribution Measurement Utilizing Bound Water as a Molecular Probe

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 11884-11891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keji Wan ◽  
Pengchao Ji ◽  
Zhenyong Miao ◽  
Zishan Chen ◽  
Yongjiang Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Molecular Probe ◽  
Distribution Measurement

On the characterization of pore size distribution of building materials

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
LF Dutra ◽  
N Mendes ◽  
PC Philippi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Mercury Porosimetry ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Wide Range

Moisture affects significantly the energy performance of air conditioning systems, the durability of materials, and the health of occupants. One way of reducing those effects, without increasing the energy costs, is by means of using porous material ability of absorbing and releasing moisture from/to the adjacent environment, which attenuates the indoor relative humidity variation. This natural ability is intrinsically related to the porous microstructure. Therefore, the characterization of the pore space is an important research theme in the building physics area. This article aims to present a method for obtaining the pore size distribution based on adsorption isotherms and mercury porosimetry data. First, the theoretical formulation based on the Gibbs free energy for a two-phase (liquid–vapor) system, using the De Boer and Zwikker model, is presented, allowing the calculation of the critical adsorbed thickness for pore filling, critical radius, adsorbed moisture content, capillary condensation content, available surface for adsorption, and the distribution of micropores for a wide range of radius. The adsorption isotherm curve is estimated for high relative humidity values through mercury porosimetry, along with the adsorption curve obtained from the experiment. The pore volume distribution calculated by this method can be used to estimate transport coefficients for liquid and vapor phases.

scholarly journals Adamantane-Based Micro- and Ultra-Microporous Frameworks for Efficient Small Gas and Toxic Organic Vapor Adsorption

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenzhao Jiang ◽  
Hangbo Yue ◽  
Peter Shuttleworth ◽  
Pengbo Xie ◽  
Shanji Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Organic Vapors ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Organic Vapor ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Microporous Organic Polymers

Microporous organic polymers and related porous materials have been applied in a wide range of practical applications such as adsorption, catalysis, adsorption, and sensing fields. However, some limitations, like wide pore size distribution, may limit their further applications, especially for adsorption. Here, micro- and ultra-microporous frameworks (HBPBA-D and TBBPA-D) were designed and synthesized via Sonogashira–Hagihara coupling of six/eight-arm bromophenyl adamantane-based “knots” and alkynes-type “rod” monomers. The BET surface area and pore size distribution of these frameworks were in the region of 395–488 m2 g−1, 0.9–1.1 and 0.42 nm, respectively. The as-made prepared frameworks also showed good chemical ability and high thermal stability up to 350 °C, and at 800 °C only 30% mass loss was observed. Their adsorption capacities for small gas molecules such as CO2 and CH4 was 8.9–9.0 wt % and 1.43–1.63 wt % at 273 K/1 bar, and for the toxic organic vapors n-hexane and benzene, 104–172 mg g−1 and 144–272 mg g−1 at 298 K/0.8 bar, respectively. These are comparable to many porous polymers with higher BET specific surface areas or after functionalization. These properties make the resulting frameworks efficient absorbent alternatives for small gas or toxic vapor capture, especially in harsh environments.

scholarly journals Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of water absorption characteristics and dynamic changes in pore size distribution of wood-plastic composites

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 4064-4080
Author(s):  
Qiang Jin ◽  
Lin Zhu ◽  
Di Hu ◽  
Chunxia He ◽  
Li Li
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Immersion Time ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Slag Powder ◽  
Low Field ◽  
Plastic Composites ◽  
Absorption Characteristics

Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology was used to perform the experiments of transverse relaxation time (T2), pore size distribution, and water absorption rate for wood-plastic composites (WPC) with different contents of added slag powder, exploring the water movement and the dynamic changes of pore size during the moisture absorption process of the material under immersion condition. The experimental results were as follows: (1) According to the T2 of H proton and its inversion pattern, the measured porosity had a relatively small difference from that of the weighing method. (2) The pore size distribution graph showed the following: (i) when the immersion time of composite materials was different, the changing law of volume of pores with different radius was different.; (ii) when the material’s immersion time was greater than 216 h, the pore radius and its distribution characteristics showed large differences; (iii) slag powder changed the pore structure of the WPC but did not change the water absorption characteristics of the wheat straw. (3) The changes of water absorption and expansion rate showed that the slag powder changed the time for the materials’ pores to absorb water until saturation and reduced the water absorption and expansion rate. The measurement results were consistent with changing trend in the pore size obtained by low-field NMR relaxometry.

scholarly journals The Study of Bound Water Status and Pore Size Distribution of Chinese Fir and Poplar Cell Wall by Low-Field NMR

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Huimin Cao ◽  
Jianxiong Lyu ◽  
Yongdong Zhou ◽  
Xin Gao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Adsorption Isotherms ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Pore Size Distributions

With the increasing shortage of timber resources and the advancement of environmental protection projects, many artificial fast-growing forests are planted and used as raw materials in China. There are significant differences in the properties of natural forest wood and artificial fast-growing forest wood, and the properties of wood mainly depend on the change in the status of bound water in the cell wall. In this study, the fiber saturation point (FSP) and pore size distributions within the cell wall of six species of fast-growing forest wood were studied by low-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology. The effects of species, growth rings, and extractives on the FSP and pore structure were analyzed. The water vapor sorption experiments were performed, and the adsorption isotherms of the samples were fitted through the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) equation. According to the least-square regression of the adsorption isotherms and combined with the low-temperature NMR experiments, the content and proportion of the different types of bound water were analyzed. The results showed that the average FSP of each Chinese fir was about 40% and that of each poplar was about 35%. There is about a 10% difference between the FSP measured by NMR technology and the adsorption bound water content obtained by adsorption isothermal. The pore size distribution results show that in all samples, the proportion of pores larger than 10.5 nm is very low, about 10%; the proportion of 1.92-10.5 nm pores is about 30%; and the proportion of pores smaller than 1.92nm is more than 50%. This work will be helpful to the study of the wood moisture status and provide reference data for wood modification.

A New Approach for Building Composite Cores for Corefloods in Complex Carbonate Rocks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yildiray Cinar ◽  
Ahmed Zayer ◽  
Naseem Dawood ◽  
Dimitris Krinis
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Capillary Pressure ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Carbonate Reservoir ◽  
Reservoir Rock ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Pore Structures ◽  
Irreducible Water Saturation ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Carbonate reservoir rocks are composed of complex pore structures and networks, forming a wide range of sedimentary facies. Considering this complexity, we present a novel approach for a better selection of coreflood composites. In this approach, reservoir plugs undergo a thorough filtration process by completing several lab tests before they get classified into reservoir rock types. Those tests include conventional core analysis (CCA), liquid permeability, plug computed tomography (CT), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), end-trim mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thin-section analysis (TS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and drainage capillary pressure (Pc). We recommend starting with a large pool of plugs and narrowing down the selection as they complete different stages of the screening process. The CT scans help to exclude plugs exhibiting composite-like behavior or containing vugs and fractures that potentially influence coreflood results. After that, the plugs are categorized into separate groups representing the available reservoir rock types. Then, we look into each rock type and determine whether the selected plugs share similar pore-structures, rock texture, and mineral content. The end-trim MICP is usually helpful in clustering plugs having similar pore-throat size distributions. Nevertheless, it also poses a challenge because it may not represent the whole plug, especially for heterogeneous carbonates. In such a case, we recommend harnessing the NMR capabilities to verify the pore-size distribution. After pore-size distribution verification, plugs are further screened for textural and mineral similarity using the petrographic data (XRD, TS, and SEM). Finally, we evaluate the similarity of brine permeability (Kb), irreducible water saturation (Swir) from Pc, and effective oil permeability data at Swir (Koe, after wettability restoration for unpreserved plugs) before finalizing the composite selection. The paper demonstrates significant aspects of applying the proposed approach to carbonate reservoir rock samples. It integrates geology, petrophysics, and reservoir engineering elements when deciding the best possible composite for coreflood experiments. By practicing this workflow, we also observe considerable differences in rock types depending on the data source, suggesting that careful use of end-trim data for carbonates is advisable compared to more representative full-plug MICP and NMR test results. In addition, we generally observe that Kb and Koe are usually lower than the Klinkenberg permeability with a varying degree that is plug-specific, highlighting the benefit of incorporating these measurements as additional criteria in coreflood composite selection for carbonate reservoirs.

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