AUSTRALIAN NATURAL GAS PRICES — WELLHEAD TO CONSUMER

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
B.P. McCaul
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Natural Gas Prices ◽  
Available Information

Natural gas prices to producers in all states of Australia, except Victoria, have moved closer together during the 1980s as the industry has matured. Where significant differences exist in city gate prices, they are caused by wide- ranging transmission tariffs related directly to the initial cost and the length and the volume carried in the respective pipelines.Gas utilities in some states had a great influence on the natural gas pricing structure to consumers during the 1970s, when alternative fuel oil prices rose dramatically and long- term, low- price gas purchase contracts were in place. State governments have moved during the 1980s, however, to replace the utilities as the greatest influence in the pricing chain from wellhead to consumer.With the notable exception of Victoria, producers in most states in recent years have gained a fairer, higher proportion of the end- consumer price. Gas markets to a major degree are now committed Australia wide.Confidentiality and complex pricing philosophies make it sometimes difficult to see clearly the wellhead to consumer pricing structure. However, available information can be analysed and compared to deduce the national scenario with fair accuracy. The wide range of prices to consumers reflects the fact that major industrial customers underpin the development economics of high- cost long- distance transmission lines.The abundance of gas in Australia, both onshore and offshore, makes new uses essential to optimise the industry's potential.

Turkmenistan is ill-equipped to adapt to low gas price

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Foreign Partner ◽  
Defence Spending ◽  
Natural Gas Prices ◽  
The Government ◽  
Gas Price

Subject Shortages in Turkmenistan despite gas wealth. Significance Despite predictions of more than 6% growth, the Turkmen economy has been hard hit by the decline in natural gas prices since 2014. News of food running out in the shops and cash becoming less available suggests the government is not coping well. Turkmenistan only has one gas customer, China, and the revenues are going partly to offset debt. Impacts The government may have to solicit IMF advice and Russian assistance but will be reluctant to accept their terms. Turkey, a long-term commercial and political friend, may be the most appealing foreign partner. Any upsurge in conflict along the border with Afghanistan will alarm the government and prompt higher defence spending.

Investigation of the price linkage between Asian LNG spot and Far East Asian LNG prices and its implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-65
Author(s):  
Muhammad Anas Pradipta
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Unit Root ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Far East ◽  
Unit Root Tests ◽  
Spot Prices ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Natural Gas Prices ◽  
Augmented Dickey Fuller

For so many times, Far East Asian liquid natural gas (LNG) buyers have been using price linked to crude oil-indexed, now they need to find another alternative pricing formula for their crucial energy supply as a better price structure that could reflect the market is needed. LNG spot price is expected to be the pillar for the future LNG trading, especially for Far East Asia Market. As less and less long-term contracts are signed in the Far East Asia Market, this creates an additional demand for the LNG in the spot market, while it raises some issues about the presence of different LNG pricing mechanisms. Most of the LNG spot prices in Asia are indexed to the relatively low natural gas prices in Atlantic Basin. Furthermore, the advancement of drilling technology in the US drives down its natural gas prices, resulting in price discrepancies between Asian LNG spot and East Asian LNG prices. This study investigates whether there is a price linkage between Asian LNG spot and East Asian LNG prices. This study comprehends 91 observations collected from January 2010 to July 2017. Johansen co-integration tests were carried out to examine the existence of long-run relationship on the spot, Japanese and South Korean LNG prices. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Phillip-Perron (PP), and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) unit root tests were conducted first before proceeding to the co-integration tests. The results showed that Asian LNG spot prices did not have price linkage for monthly averages of Japanese and South Korean LNG prices. The analyses also indicated that Taiwan LNG markets move together with Asian LNG spot markets. As a conclusion, the results inferred that supply dependency on LNG spot cargoes governed the price linkage among these Asian LNG markets. The use of gas indexed LNG price mechanism did not reflect the economic fundamentals in Asia-Pacific Basin. JEL Classification: Q41Keywords: Price linkage, Johansen co-integration, augmented Dickey-Fuller, Phillip-Perron, and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin, unit root tests, Far East Asian LNG spot prices, LNG spot and short-term cargoes, long-term contracts, spot prices, energy: demand and supply, prices

State Government Convergence and Partisanship: A Long-Run Analysis of Australian Ministerial Portfolios

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony M. Sayers ◽  
Jeremy Moon
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Wide Range

This study makes use of ministerial portfolios to analyze the scope of government activity. It shows that in comparison with expenditure and employment measures, portfolios have a number of advantages in terms of stability, absoluteness, and in identifying when new activities attract sustained government attention. Portfolios are used to investigate whether there has been any convergence in the scope of government activity across state governments in Australia over the century since 1890, and, also, whether partisanship has had any consistent impact on government activity. Neither hypothesis is confirmed. Rather, long-term patterns of activity are complex and appear to be driven by a wide range of forces.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Alternative Fuels for Shipping in Terms of Lifecycle Energy and Cost

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8502
Author(s):  
Li Chin Law ◽  
Beatrice Foscoli ◽  
Epaminondas Mastorakos ◽  
Stephen Evans
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Marine Fuel

Decarbonization of the shipping sector is inevitable and can be made by transitioning into low- or zero-carbon marine fuels. This paper reviews 22 potential pathways, including conventional Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) marine fuel as a reference case, “blue” alternative fuel produced from natural gas, and “green” fuels produced from biomass and solar energy. Carbon capture technology (CCS) is installed for fossil fuels (HFO and liquefied natural gas (LNG)). The pathways are compared in terms of quantifiable parameters including (i) fuel mass, (ii) fuel volume, (iii) life cycle (Well-To-Wake—WTW) energy intensity, (iv) WTW cost, (v) WTW greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and (vi) non-GHG emissions, estimated from the literature and ASPEN HYSYS modelling. From an energy perspective, renewable electricity with battery technology is the most efficient route, albeit still impractical for long-distance shipping due to the low energy density of today’s batteries. The next best is fossil fuels with CCS (assuming 90% removal efficiency), which also happens to be the lowest cost solution, although the long-term storage and utilization of CO2 are still unresolved. Biofuels offer a good compromise in terms of cost, availability, and technology readiness level (TRL); however, the non-GHG emissions are not eliminated. Hydrogen and ammonia are among the worst in terms of overall energy and cost needed and may also need NOx clean-up measures. Methanol from LNG needs CCS for decarbonization, while methanol from biomass does not, and also seems to be a good candidate in terms of energy, financial cost, and TRL. The present analysis consistently compares the various options and is useful for stakeholders involved in shipping decarbonization.

scholarly journals 632 Introduction to the Colloquium Genetic Stability of Transgenes under Field Conditions

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 556D-556
Author(s):  
Jude W. Grosser
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genetic Stability ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Available Information

The genetic engineering of horticultural crops to improve disease/insect resistance, cultivar quality, or other characteristics has become a primary area of focus for many research programs. The technique is attractive because a single beneficial trait can be added to an already successful cultivar without otherwise altering cultivar integrity. However, little information has been available regarding the performance of such transgenic plants in the field, particularly regarding woody perennial crops. The purpose of this colloquium is to provide the latest available information regarding the performance of transgenic plants in the field, covering a wide range of crops including vegetables, woody fruit trees, woody nut trees, and forest trees. Focus will be on the long-term expression of transgenes and promoter efficiency. The information provided should be particularly useful to researchers who are currently designing or performing experiments to improve horticultural crops by genetic engineering.

Coal Rediscovered

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon C. Wilda ◽  
Mark C. Elizer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Development Work ◽  
Coal Slurry ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Natural Gas Prices ◽  
Oil Mixtures ◽  
Conventional Fuel

Despite recent experience in petroleum markets, future oil prices and availability are still major uncertainties that can have significant impact on energy users. Natural gas prices have also seen continual escalation. In COMCO’s coal-based alternative fuel development work, we have taken a long-term outlook, namely that the only sensible fuel strategy for utility and industrial users continues to be the increased utilization of coal. Coal slurry fuels, such as coal-oil mixtures and coal-water mixtures, represent a way for energy users with existing conventional fuel-fired equipment to increase coal utilization without replacing those facilities with costly new coal-fired systems. Paper published with permission.

scholarly journals Analysis on the Influence of China’s Energy Consumption on Economic Growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maolin Cheng ◽  
Bin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Contribution Rate ◽  
Coal Consumption ◽  
Rate Analysis

Many studies have shown that energy consumption has a great influence on economic growth. This paper divides China’s energy into coal, oil, natural gas and clean energy (hydroenergy, nuclear energy, wind energy and solar energy), and then studies the influences of China’s coal, oil, natural gas and clean energy on economic growth quantitatively using econometric models. This paper uses three methods. The first method is correlative degree analysis. The paper calculates the correlative degrees between four energy consumption and economic growth (GDP), and then compares the influences of four different kinds of energy consumption on economic growth in terms of the correlative degree. The second method is multiplier analysis. The paper uses the lagged variable regression model to calculate four energy consumption’s current multipliers, dynamic multipliers and long-term multipliers for economic growth, and then compares the influences of four kinds of energy consumption on economic growth in terms of marginal effect. The third method is contribution rate analysis. The paper calculates the rates of contribution of four kinds of energy consumption to economic growth and then compares the influences of four energy consumption on economic growth in terms of input and output. The paper makes an empirical analysis on influences of China’s energy consumption on economic growth. Analysis results show that in terms of correlative degree, natural gas has the greatest influence on GDP, followed by clean energy, oil and coal; in terms of the multiplier effect, natural gas has the biggest current multiplier and long-term multiplier, followed by clean energy, oil and coal; in terms of contribution rate, clean energy has the biggest contribution rate, followed by natural gas, oil and coal. Overall, China’s natural gas consumption and clean energy consumption have more influence on economic growth than coal consumption and oil consumption, and show a rising trend.

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