Big Pharma and Investment Arbitration

Investment Arbitration in the pharmaceutical sector raises some specificities. Regarding jurisdiction of arbitral tribunals, it is questionable whether the registration of a patent abroad or a patent license granted to a foreign partner constitutes an investment. Similarly, as health products are not ordinary goods, arguments according to which marketing authorizations or monopolies granted constitute an investment are real issues. On the merits, the invalidation of a patent, the refusal or withdrawal of a marketing authorization or the decision of a state authority to end a monopoly can be analyzed as a violation of some of the commitments made by States in the treaties they conclude. The aim of this study is to address these questions thanks to the awards already rendered, making it a useful tool for countries -like Vietnam- that wish to develop their pharmaceutical sector by attracting foreign investors.

Emirati authorities will promote tech start-ups

Significance Expatriates are leaving, businesses are faltering and the local population is grumbling. Authorities see a significant role for small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) in general, and technology start-ups in particular, in the post-COVID-19 economic recovery. Impacts Free zones and other areas where different rules apply could be expanded to encourage innovation. China may be a more enthusiastic foreign partner than Western countries, given data protection issues. Increased cooperation with Israel will help the UAE gain access to cutting-edge technology.

THE COMPARISON OF CHICKEN FARMING BUSINESS ON VARIOUS PATTERNS IN NORTH BENGKULU REGENCY

This study aims to calculate and compare the income and the level of efficiency of poultry farming with various business patterns, namely "Mandiri" or independent, partnering with national company and partnering with foreign company. Respondents were taken in a census method, consist of 11 independent farmers, 21 farmers who partnered with national company and 10 farmers who partnered with foreign company. Income is calculated by subtracting revenue and costs. Business efficiency is determined by the R/C Ratio. Meanwhile, the comparison of incomes were analyzed by the t-test. The results showed that the average income of independent livestock business is IDR 5.536,95/head, the national partnership is IDR 2.523,20/head, and those with foreign partner is IDR 3.162,74/head. While The efficiency level of independent pattern is 1,15, 1,09 for national partnership pattern and 1,10 for foreign partnership. The results of the t-test at the 95% confidence level indicate that the income of independent livestock is higher than those in nationally and foreign-partnered farms. While the nationally-partnered business is not higher than the foreign-partnered.

Disposition of an Interest in a U.S. Partnership by a Foreign Person: The Saga of Revenue Ruling 91-32

ABSTRACT Rev. Rul. 91-32 treats the sale of a partnership interest by a foreign partner under the aggregate approach. Gain or loss is determined by the distributive share of gain or loss arising from a hypothetical sale of the partnership's assets. To the extent gain is attributable to assets that are effectively connected to a U.S. trade or business, they are U.S. source and subject to U.S. tax. In 2017, the Tax Court declined to apply Rev. Rul. 91-32 applying the entity approach instead. Under this approach, the foreign partner has no U.S. source income from the sale of her partnership interest and is not subject to U.S. tax on any gain. Congress responded by codifying the aggregate approach in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. This paper looks at the history of taxing partnership sales by foreign persons and provides analysis on the state of the current law. JEL Classifications: B17; F23; M16; H25.

Influence of network organizational structures on innovation activity of industrial enterprises

The interrelation between the innovation activity of enterprises and various types of network cooperation is of practical importance for the effective strategic management of network structures. In the present study, on the basis of indicators that measure innovation and technological effects and are adapted to the standards of statistics of the EU countries, the weighted aggregate innovation index of light industry companies in Ukraine and the EU countries is justified and calculated. On the basis of correlation and regression analysis, the relationships of varying strength are established between the integrated innovation index and different types of network innovative cooperation of light industry companies of the EU countries. The high-strength relationship is revealed between the innovation index of light industry and the indicators of the share of companies that had partners within their group of companies; that were involved in any type of network innovation partnership; that had partners in innovative cooperation among universities; that were involved in any type of partnership with a foreign partner from the EU countries, the EFTA countries or the candidate countries for accession to the EU. The construction of a correlation-regression model of the dependence of the innovation index of light industry on the share of innovation-active companies involved in any type of network innovation partnership and the share of innovation-active companies involved in network cooperation with a foreign partner from the EU countries, the EFTA countries or the candidate countries for accession to the EU given the possibility to predict the level of innovation of domestic companies of light industry depending on the level of their involvement in different types of network innovative cooperation.

Co-branding Strategy as a Source of Innovation on International Market

The aim of this paper is to identify the impact of a co-branding strategy on the innovations development on international market. The research has been conducted in 2013–2015, and has been targeting 50 large international companies which operated in minimum 3 countries of Europe and have implemented a co-branding strategy for 3 years. The analysis of findings has shown that the possibility of use of the new technologies and the use of knowledge and experience of partner’s through technical knowledge exchange are rated at the low level in case of implementation of co-branding strategy. These findings suggest that co-branding is not a source of innovation on international market due to the fact of the limited trust in the foreign partner and the protection of own’s know-how by the companies. These outcomes confirm also that today the managerial actions should focus mainly on the symbolic dimension of brands.

Internationalisation Des PME De La Région Fès Meknès (Maroc) : Cartographie Des Liens Et Tendances Actuelles

Globalization is not a recent phenomenon in the social sciences. The advocates argue that companies of all sizes are increasingly integrating into globalization processes. In Morocco, as in other countries, this phenomenon affects several aspects and manifests in several forms. In this paper, we analyze the impact on the mapping of links and the exchange of trade flows between firms in the Fez Meknes region (Morocco) and their foreign companies. The aim is to study the applicability of the concept of "psychic distance", particularly the importance of geographical, cultural, institutional and legislative distance in the choice of foreign partner companies.