scholarly journals A Comparison of Alternative Fuels for Shipping in Terms of Lifecycle Energy and Cost

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8502
Author(s):  
Li Chin Law ◽  
Beatrice Foscoli ◽  
Epaminondas Mastorakos ◽  
Stephen Evans
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Marine Fuel

Decarbonization of the shipping sector is inevitable and can be made by transitioning into low- or zero-carbon marine fuels. This paper reviews 22 potential pathways, including conventional Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) marine fuel as a reference case, “blue” alternative fuel produced from natural gas, and “green” fuels produced from biomass and solar energy. Carbon capture technology (CCS) is installed for fossil fuels (HFO and liquefied natural gas (LNG)). The pathways are compared in terms of quantifiable parameters including (i) fuel mass, (ii) fuel volume, (iii) life cycle (Well-To-Wake—WTW) energy intensity, (iv) WTW cost, (v) WTW greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and (vi) non-GHG emissions, estimated from the literature and ASPEN HYSYS modelling. From an energy perspective, renewable electricity with battery technology is the most efficient route, albeit still impractical for long-distance shipping due to the low energy density of today’s batteries. The next best is fossil fuels with CCS (assuming 90% removal efficiency), which also happens to be the lowest cost solution, although the long-term storage and utilization of CO2 are still unresolved. Biofuels offer a good compromise in terms of cost, availability, and technology readiness level (TRL); however, the non-GHG emissions are not eliminated. Hydrogen and ammonia are among the worst in terms of overall energy and cost needed and may also need NOx clean-up measures. Methanol from LNG needs CCS for decarbonization, while methanol from biomass does not, and also seems to be a good candidate in terms of energy, financial cost, and TRL. The present analysis consistently compares the various options and is useful for stakeholders involved in shipping decarbonization.

scholarly journals Decarbonizing Maritime Transport: The Importance of Engine Technology and Regulations for LNG to Serve as a Transition Fuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Lindstad ◽  
Gunnar S. Eskeland ◽  
Agathe Rialland ◽  
Anders Valland
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Maritime Transport ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Global Warming Impact ◽  
Ghg Reduction

Current Greenhous gas emissions (GHG) from maritime transport represent around 3% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions and will have to be cut in half by 2050 to meet Paris agreement goals. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is by many seen as a potential transition fuel for decarbonizing shipping. Its favorable hydrogen to carbon ratio compared to diesel (marine gas oil, MGO) or bunker fuel (heavy fuel oil, HFO) translates directly into lower carbon emissions per kilowatt produced. However, these gains may be nullified once one includes the higher Well-to-tank emissions (WTT) of the LNG supply chain and the vessel’s un-combusted methane slip (CH4) from its combustion engine. Previous studies have tended to focus either on greenhouse gas emissions from LNG in a Well-to-wake (WTW) perspective, or on alternative engine technologies and their impact on the vessel’s Tank-to-wake emissions (TTW). This study investigates under what conditions LNG can serve as a transition fuel in the decarbonization of maritime transport, while ensuring the lowest possible additional global warming impact. Transition refers to the process of moving away from fossil fuels towards new and low carbon fuels and engine technologies. Our results show: First, the importance of applying appropriate engine technologies to maximize GHG reductions; Second, that applying best engine technologies is not economically profitable; Third, how regulations could be amended to reward best engine technologies. Importantly, while the GHG reduction of LNG even with best engine technology (dual fuel diesel engine) are limited, ships with these engines can with economically modest modification switch to ammonia produced with renewable energy when it becomes available in sufficient amounts.

scholarly journals Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Improvement by using Marine Alternative fuels in Maritime Transportation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Gamal Elkafas ◽  
Mohamed Khalil ◽  
Mohamed R. Shouman ◽  
Mohamed M. Elgohary
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil

Abstract Emissions from vessels are a major environmental concern because of their impacts on the deterioration of the environment, especially global warming of the atmosphere. Therefore, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) concern significant care to environmental protection through the reduction of exhaust emission and improvement of energy efficiency through technical and operational measures. Among the suggested measures from IMO, the alternative fuel such as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has the priority to be used instead of fossil fuels. The present paper calculates the effect of using LNG in a dual fuel engine from Environmental and Energy efficiency perspectives. As a case study, a Container Ship has been investigated. The results of the analysis show that percent of CO2, NOx and SOx emissions reduction corresponding to using a dual-fuel engine operating by LNG instead of a diesel engine operating by Heavy Fuel Oil is about 30.1%,81.44%, and 96.94%, respectively. Also, the attained Energy Efficiency Index Value in the case of using the dual-fuel engine is lower than its value by using diesel engine by about 30% and this value will be 77.18%, 86.84%, and 99.27% of the required value of the first, second and third phases, respectively as recommended by IMO.

Impact of cofiring biofuels and fossil fuels on lime kiln operation

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 474-480
Author(s):  
RICHARD MANNING ◽  
HONGHI TRAN
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Pulp Mills ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
High Oxygen Content ◽  
Lime Kiln ◽  
Lime Kilns ◽  
Induced Draft Fan ◽  
Fuel Costs

Lime kilns are used to calcine lime mud to produce lime for reuse in the causticizing plant of pulp mills. With significant increase in fossil fuel costs and the sustained drive to minimize carbon footprint, there has been a great deal of research and development of the biorefinery concept and production of biofuels for use within pulp mills. Several new biofuels will become available, together with traditional mill derived fuels such as tall oil. In considering use of biofuels for replacement of fossil fuels in the lime kiln, each fuel has a different impact on kiln performance. An assessment on kiln performance can be achieved and compared to either heavy fuel oil or natural gas. In most cases, the lime kiln fuels with high oxygen content and moderately low calorific values burn in a similar manner as natural gas; hence, in assessing impact on kiln performance, production and induced draft fan limits together with kiln exit gas temperatures need to be considered.

scholarly journals Analisis Kapal Berbahan Bakar LNG sebagai Marine Fuel dalam Mengurangi Emisi Gas Buang Terhadap Lalu Lintas Kapal di Pelabuhan Bitung

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Hendra Palebangan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Marine Fuel ◽  
Ship Traffic ◽  
Sea Transportation ◽  
The Government

Analysis of LNG-Fueled Vessels as Marine Fuel in Reducing Exhaust Emissions Towards Ship Traffic in Bitung Port: The government has a program to convert ship fuel from oil to natural gas aiming to improve the efficiency of sea transportation services. The expansion of the use of natural gas in the maritime sector will reduce the dependence of fuel oil that has been used by ships in Indonesia. On the other hand, natural gas can be used for all sectors: industries, power plants, households, etc. This case is expected to be in line with the level of emissions from this sector so that it can be suppressed to be environmentally friendly rather than using fossil fuels. The limitation of the study is set for marine vessels with the assumption of 1,100 samples of different types of ship sizes using fuel oil (MGO). It is assumed that each ship will spend one day (24 hours) in Bitung port for waiting to dock and three days (72 hours) to do loading and unloading. As a result, the assumption of total activity time is +96 hours for each ship. The activities show the number of working hours of Auxiliary Engine (AE). During the anchored, ship has taken out 9,128.4 tons of emissions (CO, NOx, SOx and PM) to the atmosphere which causes air pollution. The analysis also shows that the emissions of ships docking and anchoring in ports set external factor costs of around 7,080,815 USD that has an economic impact on Bitung Port, community, and environment Keywords: Bunkering, ports, LNG, sea transportation, eastern Indonesia. Pemerintah mempunyai program konversi bahan bakar kapal dari minyak ke gas alam yang bertujuan untuk memperbaiki efisiensi layanan transportasi laut. Perluasan penggunaan gas alam di sektor maritim akan mengurangi ketergantungan Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) yang telah digunakan oleh kapal-kapal di Indonesia. Di sisi lain, gas alam bisa digunakan di seluruh sektor, seperti industri, pembangkit tenaga listrik, hingga rumah tangga. Kasus ini diharapkan sejalan dengan tingkat emisi dari sektor ini untuk bisa ditekan menjadi ramah lingkungan daripada menggunakan bahan bakar fosil. Penelitian ini dibatasi pada kapal laut dengan jumlah kapal yang diasumsikan sebanyak 1.100 sampel dari berbagai jenis ukuran kapal berbeda yang menggunakan bahan bakar BBM (MGO). Pengasumsian setiap kapal akan menghabiskan satu hari (24 jam) di Pelabuhan Bitung untuk menunggu berlabuh dan tiga hari (72 jam) untuk melakukan bongkar muat. Sehingga asumsi total waktu aktivitas yaitu +96 jam untuk setiap kapal.  Waktu aktivitas menunjukkan jumlah jam kerja mesin bantu (AE) dimana selama kapal berlabuh telah mengeluarkan 9.128,4 ton emisi (CO, NOx, SOx dan PM) ke atmosfer yang menyebabkan polusi udara. Analisis tersebut juga menunjukkan bahwa emisi kapal-kapal yang jangkar dan sandar di pelabuhan telah menempatkan biaya faktor eksternal sekitar 7.080.815 USD sehingga memiliki dampak ekonomi terhadap Pelabuhan Bitung, masyarakat, dan lingkungan.Kata kunci: Bunkering, pelabuhan, LNG, transportasi laut, kawasan timur indonesia.  

Leading the WAy: Western Australia is the key to driving LNG as a marine fuel

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 589
Author(s):  
Walter Purio ◽  
Matthew Bowen ◽  
Adel van der Walt ◽  
Sarah Panizza
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Marine Fuel ◽  
Gas Market

Uniquely positioned globally, logistically and financially, resource rich, Western Australia is poised to lead the establishment of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a marine fuel in the Asia Pacific region. Maritime trade is vital to the global economy, but is a major source of atmospheric pollution. This paper considers how tightening restrictions on marine exhaust emissions will affect vessel owners and the shipping trade, and why LNG offers a clean, safe and economically viable option to meet the new restrictions. Western Australia’s bulk iron ore export trade to Asia offers sufficient critical mass to underpin the creation of this new LNG bunkering industry. A design has already been completed for a new bulk ore carrier capable of running on both conventional heavy fuel oil and LNG and meeting the new emissions requirements. The LNG Marine Fuel Institute has analysed the demand and supply side business cases required to get this industry started. On the demand side, its modelling concludes that LNG-powered vessels can be economically viable if bunkering LNG is priced in the range of US$7 to $10/mmBtu. On the supply side, this price is achievable from an initial commercial scale 0.5 mtpa LNG bunkering facility if the natural gas feedstock can be priced in the range of AU$5 to $7/GJ (excluding pipeline charges). Such a plant would require ~75 TJ/d of natural gas feedstock. Western Australia’s domestic gas market is well positioned to meet this demand in terms of both price and volume. The benefits of this new industry would extend to Australian bulk exporters, gas suppliers, ship owners and operators, infrastructure owners and Australian governments.

THE APPLICATION OF FUZZY AHP – VIKOR HYBRID METHOD TO INVESTIGATE THE STRATEGY FOR REDUCING AIR POLLUTION FROM DIESEL POWERED VESSELS

2021 ◽  
Vol 162 (A3) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Demirel ◽  
M Mollaoğlu ◽  
U Bucak ◽  
T Arslan ◽  
A Balin
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Hybrid Method ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Marine Areas

The negative impact of air pollution on human health had become a vital issue as a result of the increasing use of fossil fuels in recent years. In this context, maritime transportation is one of the most contaminant sectors by using much more fossil fuels. Ships which have a major role in maritime transport, directly affect human health via its emissions, especially in marine areas close to the land such as around the ports, canals, and straits. In this study, strategies were gathered by evaluating International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations, European Union (EU) recommendations and the applications of the ship owner companies to reduce air pollution stem from ships, and considering the priority perception of these strategies, the effect level of the strategies at the marine areas where ships are approaching the land was analysed by the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process-Visekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (AHP- VIKOR) hybrid method. As a result of the study, the most effective strategies appeared as “Forbiddance of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) usage on Ships” and “Detection of Low Sulphur Fuel Usage by the help of Remote Detector Systems”, and it was seen that these strategies would be most effective in canal or strait passing of the ships. It was also revealed that the relevant expert opinions and IMO regulations meshed together, and it was pointed out the applications for increasing fuel quality.

The decoupling states of CO2 emissions in the Chinese transport sector from 1994 to 2012: A perspective on fuel types

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayong Wu ◽  
Changwei Yuan ◽  
Hongchao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Negative State ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas

This paper analyzes the decoupling states between CO2 emissions and transport development in China from 1994 to 2012. The results indicate that, at the aggregate level, the Chinese transport sector is far from reaching the decoupling state. Negative decoupling or non-decoupling years account for 72.2% of the study period. At the disaggregated level, the decoupling states between CO2 emissions and eight primary fuels are as follows: raw coal and coke are in the absolute decoupling state; crude oil, gasoline and diesel are in the weak negative state; and the other three types (kerosene, heavy fuel oil, and natural gas) are in the strong negative decoupling state. Policy implications underneath the identified decoupling states are also revealed to help China build a more sustainable transportation system.

Enhancing Gas Turbine Operation With Heavy Fuel Oil

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Muralidharan ◽  
Matthieu Vierling
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Hydro Power

Power generation in south Asia has witnessed a steep fall due to the shortage of natural gas supplies for power plants and poor water storage in reservoirs for low hydro power generation. Due to the current economic scenario, there is worldwide pressure to secure and make more gas and oil available to support global power needs. With constrained fuel sources and increasing environmental focus, the quest for higher efficiency would be imminent. Natural gas combined cycle plants operate at a very high efficiency, increasing the demand for gas. At the same time, countries may continue to look for alternate fuels such as coal and liquid fuels, including crude and residual oil, to increase energy stability and security. In over the past few decades, the technology for refining crude oil has gone through a significant transformation. With the advanced refining process, there are additional lighter distillates produced from crude that could significantly change the quality of residual oil used for producing heavy fuel. Using poor quality residual fuel in a gas turbine to generate power could have many challenges with regards to availability and efficiency of a gas turbine. The fuel needs to be treated prior to combustion and needs a frequent turbine cleaning to recover the lost performance due to fouling. This paper will discuss GE’s recently developed gas turbine features, including automatic water wash, smart cooldown and model based control (MBC) firing temperature control. These features could significantly increase availability and improve the average performance of heavy fuel oil (HFO). The duration of the gas turbine offline water wash sequence and the rate of output degradation due to fouling can be considerably reduced.

scholarly journals Promoting LNG as A Marine Fuel in Norway: Reflections on the Role of Global Regulations on Local Transition Niches

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9476
Author(s):  
Sofiane Laribi ◽  
Emmanuel Guy
Keyword(s):  
Transition Process ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Marine Fuel ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
Multilevel Perspective ◽  
Perspective Model

Contemporary societies are marked by constant tensions between the notion to improve sustainability and the reluctance to engage in uncertain changes. In any sector, the transition is a delicate and complex process that involves many actors, organizations, and institutions. Niche analysis approaches such as the multilevel perspective model (MLP) explain how such a process grows from innovation within a very restricted field to its generalized application on a global scale. Shipping is a sector particularly challenged by the transition process away from heavy fuel oil towards more environment-friendly alternatives such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) or even non-fossil alternatives. Within this industry, Norway stands as an early adopter and leader of the emerging transition. Drawing from a wide discussion of the treatment of scale in transition literature and from this national case study, we propose that the transition process can emerge not only from a local niche perspective, as widely documented in the literature, but can also be driven by changes at a much larger scale and initiated by new international regulations.

The Applied Research of Emulsified Heavy Fuel Oil Used for the Marine Diesel Engine

2013 ◽  
Vol 779-780 ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Chao Miao ◽  
Chun Ling Yu ◽  
Bing Hui Wang ◽  
Kai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Marine Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Temperature ◽  
Emulsified Fuel

In order to achieve the application of emulsified fuel oil on the marine,our discussion group developed a set of heavy fuel oil intelligent online emulsifying equipment tested on G6300ZC18B diesel of the ship Ningda "6". And the experimental result shows that, when water mixing ratio ranged from 16% to 24%, emulsification reached good level to apply as marine fuel. When burning emulsified fuel oil, the explosive pressure of diesel engine fluctuated in the range of 1-2Mpa, the exhaust temperature decreased 12°Cand the outlet temperature of cooling water declined slightly, but all the parameters above are in the normal range. The oil consumption decreased by 9.7% and the emission of NOX ,carbon smoke ,and CO reduced by 19.6%,20%,35% respectively.

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