Effects of weaning beef cattle in two stages or by abrupt separation on nasal abrasions, behaviour, and weight gain

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Lambertz ◽  
Peter R. Bowen ◽  
Georg Erhardt ◽  
Matthias Gauly
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Nasal Septum ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Traditional Group ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Two Stages

The effects of traditional (n = 103) and two-stage weaning (n = 89) on nasal abrasions, behaviour, and weight gain were evaluated in a total of 192 cow-calf pairs. Two-stage calves were prevented from suckling by fitting nose flaps for 7 days before separation from their mothers. Nasal abrasions caused by the devices were assessed by scoring the irritations of the nasal septum at removal and 1 week later. The behaviour of 20 calves was observed for 3 days before and 4 days after weaning and vocalisations of the cows after separation were recorded. Nasal abrasions were found in more than 95% of the animals at removal, whereas 30% of the animals showed heavy bleeding and 10% suffered from even worse injuries. One week later, 45% of the calves still showed irritations. Cows of the traditional group vocalised 19.2 and those of the two-stage group 3.7 times per hour (P < 0.001). Compared with the pre-weaning period, calves spent more time walking on Days 1 and 2 after weaning (P < 0.01). However, the duration was significantly lower in two-stage than in traditionally weaned animals (P < 0.01). After removal of the devices, the time spent for walking increased again for 2 days. An effect on the weight gain of the calves was not noted. In conclusion, two-stage weaning positively influenced the post-weaning behaviour, but the nose flaps caused heavy nasal abrasions in the calves. Therefore, the design of the devices and the period they are fitted should be modified to minimise nasal abrasions.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Pearl Millet and Sorghum–Sudangrass Pastures during the Frost-Prone Autumn for Growing Beef Cattle in Semiarid Region

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 541
Author(s):  
Leonard M. Lauriault ◽  
Leah H. Schmitz ◽  
Shad H. Cox ◽  
Eric J. Scholljegerdes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Sorghum Sudangrass

Sorghum–sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf.) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) provide adequate nutritive value for growing beef cattle; however, unlike pearl millet, sorghum–sudangrass produces hydrocyanic acid (which is toxic to livestock) when frosted. Forage yield, nutritive value, and weight gain of growing cattle grazing sorghum–sudangrass and pearl millet were compared during the frost-prone autumns of 2013 and 2014, at New Mexico State University’s Rex E. Kirksey Agricultural Science Center in Tucumcari, NM USA, in randomized complete block designs each year with two replicates. No differences existed between pearl millet and sorghum–sudangrass forage yield, although there was a year–forage interaction for fiber-based nutritive value components because of maturity differences across years between the forages when freeze-killed. Pearl millet allowed for extending grazing of available forage for an additional 14 and 24 d in 2013 and 2014, respectively, compared to sorghum–sudangrass during the frost-prone autumn periods. During that period, when sorghum forages produce potentially toxic levels of hydrocyanic acid, animals grazing pearl millet accumulated an additional average of 94.9 kg live-weight gain ha−1 (p < 0.001). These factors afford producers an opportunity to increase returns on the similar investments of establishing and managing warm-season annual forage crops each year, and allow more time to stockpile cool-season perennial and annual forages for winter and early spring grazing, or to reduce hay feeding.

A novel two-stage method of plant seedlings classification based on deep learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Tianhong Dai ◽  
Shijie Cong ◽  
Jianping Huang ◽  
Yanwen Zhang ◽  
Xinwang Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Learning Technology ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Classification ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Plant Seedlings

In agricultural production, weed removal is an important part of crop cultivation, but inevitably, other plants compete with crops for nutrients. Only by identifying and removing weeds can the quality of the harvest be guaranteed. Therefore, the distinction between weeds and crops is particularly important. Recently, deep learning technology has also been applied to the field of botany, and achieved good results. Convolutional neural networks are widely used in deep learning because of their excellent classification effects. The purpose of this article is to find a new method of plant seedling classification. This method includes two stages: image segmentation and image classification. The first stage is to use the improved U-Net to segment the dataset, and the second stage is to use six classification networks to classify the seedlings of the segmented dataset. The dataset used for the experiment contained 12 different types of plants, namely, 3 crops and 9 weeds. The model was evaluated by the multi-class statistical analysis of accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-score. The results show that the two-stage classification method combining the improved U-Net segmentation network and the classification network was more conducive to the classification of plant seedlings, and the classification accuracy reaches 97.7%.

PSVII-13 Performance and environmental benefits from biochar supplementation in beef cattle grazing systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 448-449
Author(s):  
Emily Conlin ◽  
Herbert Lardner ◽  
Jennifer L Ellis ◽  
Ira B Mandell ◽  
Katharine M Wood
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Stable Form ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Rapid City

Abstract Worldwide, beef production systems represent a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG), and enteric methane (CH4) emissions are the primary concern. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether biochar (Oregon Biochar Solution, White City, OR) supplementation can reduce CH4 emissions from grazing beef cows. Biochar is a stable form of carbon produced through the pyrolysis of organic matter (typically forestry waste). Sixty-four cows and their calves were blocked by cow body weight and calf age, and randomly allocated to 8 paddocks, each with 8 cow-calf pairs. Using a crossover design, each paddock was assigned to one of two treatments: (1) biochar supplemented at approximately 3% of estimated dry matter intake (DMI) or (2) control (no biochar). Biochar was incorporated into a pellet containing 45% biochar, 42.5% wheat midds, 10% canola oil, and 2.5% dry molasses and fed in a portable trough once daily. Each period consisted of 28 days: 21 days for biochar adaptation and 7 days for data collection. Enteric gas emissions from each paddock were measured using C-Lock GreenFeed trailers (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA) with pasture DMI estimated using paddock entry/exit quadrats during each sampling week. Enteric CH4 emissions expressed as g CH4/d were 249 and 260 ± 50.3 g (P ≥ 0.37) for control and biochar, respectively. Similarly, g CH4/kg DM and g CH4/kg BW were not affected (P ≥ 0.44) by biochar supplementation on pasture. Biochar supplementation did not affect estimated DMI or cow/calf body weights (P ≥ 0.15). Results suggest that biochar was ineffective for reducing methane emissions from grazing beef cows; however, measures of animal performance were not affected by biochar consumption. Further work is required to determine if type or higher inclusions of biochar can reduce CH4 emissions from beef cattle.

scholarly journals Simple Method of Approximate Calculation of Statically Indeterminate Trusses

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (06) ◽  
pp. 1840026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Rębielak
Keyword(s):  
Approximate Calculation ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Two Stages

The paper presents principles of the simple method which makes possible approximate calculations of statically indeterminate truss systems in two stages. The two-stage method applies rules of other methods used for calculations of statically determinate trusses. In each of the two stages, there are considered statically determinate trusses, patterns of which are obtained as results of suitable withdrawing of appropriate members from the pattern of the basic statically indeterminate truss. There are presented results of calculations carried out for two cases of load for selected type of plane truss together with comparison of outcomes obtained by means of using appropriate computer software.

scholarly journals VIABILIDADE FINANCEIRA DA IRRIGAÇÃO EM SORGO FORRAGEIRO EM SISTEMA DE ASPERSÃO PARA BOVINOCULTURA DE CORTE

Irriga ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-161
Author(s):  
Jardel Henrique Kirchner ◽  
Adroaldo Dias Robaina ◽  
Marcia Xavier Peiter ◽  
Rogério Ricalde Torres ◽  
Wellington Mezzomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Forage Sorghum ◽  
Financial Feasibility ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

VIABILIDADE FINANCEIRA DA IRRIGAÇÃO EM SORGO FORRAGEIRO EM SISTEMA DE ASPERSÃO PARA BOVINOCULTURA DE CORTE     JARDEL HENRIQUE KIRCHNER1; ADROALDO DIAS ROBAINA2; MARCIA XAVIER PEITER3; ROGÉRIO RICALDE TORRES4; WELLINGTON MEZZOMO5 E BRUNA DALCIN PIMENTA   1 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Professor do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Nelsi Ribas Fritsch, nº 1111, bairro Esperança, Ibirubá, RS, Brasil, CEP: 98200-000, [email protected] 2 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Professor Titular do Departamento de Engenharia Rural, UFSM, Avenida Roraima, nº 1000, bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, CEP: 97195-000, [email protected] 3 Eng. Agrônoma, Doutora, Professora Associada do Departamento de Engenharia Rural, UFSM, Avenida Roraima, nº 1000, bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, CEP: 97195-000, [email protected] 4 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Professor do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Eng. João Viterbo de Oliveira, nº 3061, Zona Rural, Vacaria, RS, Brasil, CEP: 95219-899, [email protected] 5 Eng. Agrônomo, Mestre, Doutorando no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, UFSM, Avenida Roraima, nº 1000, bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, CEP: 97195-000, [email protected] 6 Eng. Agrônoma, Mestra, Doutoranda no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, UFSM, Avenida Roraima, nº 1000, bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, CEP: 97195-000, [email protected]     1 RESUMO   A bovinocultura de corte mantida em pasto de sorgo forrageiro caracteriza-se como um dos principais meios de produção bovina no Rio Grande do Sul. Contudo, há irregularidade das precipitações e os produtores utilizam a irrigação como alternativa para o problema. Porém, há uma necessidade de determinação dos custos de produção e da viabilidade financeira da atividade. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a viabilidade financeira da irrigação em sorgo forrageiro para a bovinocultura de corte para diferentes expectativas de ganho de peso médio diário dos animais. Conduziu-se dois experimentos em 2015/2016 e 2016/2017 em Santa Maria/RS, e avaliou-se as produtividades de seis lâminas de irrigação por aspersão convencional (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125 % da ETo), em quatro repetições, delineamento blocos ao acaso. Com as produtividades, gerou-se funções de produção e determinou-se a carga animal possível de ser alimentada para cada tratamento. Simulou-se três cenários de ganho de peso diário por animal (0,5, 1 e 1,5 kg-1animal-1 dia-1), e os custos de produção para cada condição hídrica estabelecida, além do retorno financeiro para cada cenário testado. Verificou-se viabilidade financeira para a maioria das situações simuladas avaliadas e que os custos dependem do regime das precipitações.   Palavras chave: Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench), irrigação de pastagem, viabilidade financeira, custos de produção.     KIRCHNER, J. H.; ROBAINA, A. D.; PEITER, M. X.; TORRES, R. R.; MEZZOMO, W.; PIMENTA, B. D. FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY OF IRRIGATION IN FORAGE SORGHUM IN ASPERSION SYSTEM FOR MEAT CATTLE BREEDING   2 ABSTRACT   Beef cattle kept in pasture of forage sorghum is characterized as one of the main means of bovine production in Rio Grande do Sul. However, rains are irregulat and producers  use  irrigation as  alternative to the problem. However, there is a need to determine production costs and  financial viability of the activity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the financial feasibility of irrigation in forage sorghum for beef cattle for different expectations of average daily weight gain of the animals. Two experiments were conducted in 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 in Santa Maria / RS, and the yields of six conventional irrigation depths (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of the ETo) were evaluated, in four replications, and randomized block design. With the productivities, production functions were generated and the possible animal load to be fed for each treatment was determined. Three scenarios were simulated of daily weight gain per animal (0.5, 1 and 1.5 kg-1animal-1day-1), and the production costs for each established water condition, in addition to the financial return for each scenario tested. Financial feasibility has been verified for most of the simulated situations evaluated and costs depend on the precipitation regime.   Keywords: Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench), forage irrigation, financial viability, production costs.

scholarly journals Weight gain of free-ranging beef cattle grazing in the boreal forest of south-eastern Norway

2020 ◽  
Vol 233 ◽  
pp. 103955
Author(s):  
Morten Tofastrud ◽  
Anna Hessle ◽  
Yngve Rekdal ◽  
Barbara Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Eastern Norway

The Occurrence of Meniscal and Chondral Injury in Two-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Consecutive Case Series

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 223-227
Author(s):  
Floris R. van Tol ◽  
Willem A. Kernkamp ◽  
Robert J. P. van der Wal ◽  
Jan-Willem A. Swen ◽  
Samuel K. Van de Velde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Meniscal Tear ◽  
Partial Meniscectomy ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Revision Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Chondral Injury ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Two Stages

AbstractTwo-stage revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is an effective way to revise suboptimal tunnel-placement allowing for proper graft fixation. However, prolonged increased laxity of the knee may increase the risk of meniscal or chondral injury. It was hypothesized that no additional meniscal or chondral lesions occur in between the two stages of the two-stage revision ACL reconstruction. In this retrospective study, 42 patients undergoing a two-stage revision ACL reconstruction were included. Surgical notes for both stages were screened for meniscal and chondral status, interventions to any concurrent injury, surgery dates, along with basic patient characteristics. In 4 of the 42 patients, a new meniscal tear occurred in between the two stages, of which three required partial meniscectomy during the second stage of the ACL revision. One patient experienced a new small degenerative tear that did not require intervention. Two out of the four menisci that were repaired during the first stage had failed and required partial meniscectomy. No significant difference was found in the time between the two stages with respect to the occurrence of meniscal tears. No significant differences in chondral status were found. In conclusion, approximately 10% of patients developed a new meniscal tear and no difference in macroscopic chondral injury was observed between the first and second stages.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Three Ear Tag Formulations for Control of Flies on Beef Cattle, 1993

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 366-366
Author(s):  
R. W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Angus Cattle ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Horn Flies

Abstract Three herds (36-122 head per herd) of Angus cattle (cow-calf or yearling heifers) located at the Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, were tagged with one of three ear tag formulations. On 17 May one of the herds was tagged with Optimizer tags (2 per head) and on 2 Jun the other 2 herds were tagged with Python tags (2 per head) or experimental YT-615 tags (1 per head). A herd of mixed-breed beef cattle located approximately 4 km from the treated cattle served as an untreated control. Fly density was determined by making biweekly counts on 15 cattle in each of the herds. Counts were made ol face flies/face, horn flies/animal, and stable flies/4 legs. Two (Optimizer herd) or 3 (other 2 herds) pretreatment and 11 or 10 posttreatment counts were made.

The utilization by beef cattle of a cereal supplement given in liquid suspension or in the dry form

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Renton ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Liquid Suspension

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out in which a cereal supplement was given to beef cattle, either in suspension in water or as a dry supplement. There were no significant differences between treatments in live-weight gain, food intake or food conversion ratios. Although there was a tendency for the digestibility coefficients of all constituents to be lower on the diet containing the liquid supplement, the differences were not statistically significant. It is concluded that giving a supplement in suspension has no adverse effect on the utilization of the overall diet and could facilitate mechanization of the feeding operation.

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