Effect of moisture deficit on four perennial ryegrass cultivars

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Tozer ◽  
J. R. Crush ◽  
R. M. Greenfield ◽  
C. A. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Moisture Deficit ◽  
Effect Of Moisture ◽  
Tiller Density ◽  
Leaf Appearance

The effect of moisture deficit on herbage production, root growth, tiller density, leaf appearance, percentage dry matter, and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration and content in the stubble of Epichloë endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass plants (cultivars Aberdart AR1, Bealey NEA2, One50 AR37, Trojan NEA2) was investigated in a glasshouse study. Water was withheld from half the plants for 6 weeks, followed by a 4-week recovery period, when all plants were watered. At the end of the treatment period, there were differences among cultivars in tiller density, moisture content of the herbage, WSC content of stubble, and root mass. However, there was little effect of moisture deficit on these variables or on root depth. At the end of the recovery period, previously moisture-stressed plants had increased leaf appearance by 25%, leafy-herbage mass by 29%, and low molecular-weight WSC content of stubble by 37% compared with well watered plants, but there was a decrease in root mass in some cultivars. There were differences among cultivars in tiller density, the moisture content of the herbage and stubble WSC content. The effects of previous moisture deficit were greatest during the recovery period, and differed among cultivars, for stubble, root and total plant biomass. Results suggested that avoiding overgrazing immediately after drought is just as critical for recovery as is management during a drought, given that the greatest responses to previous moisture deficit were detected during this period.

The effect of grazing severity and fertiliser application during winter on herbage regrowth and quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 825 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Lee ◽  
D. J. Donaghy ◽  
J. R. Roche
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
The Third ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
N Treatment ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Tiller Density ◽  
Leaf Appearance

The objective of the current study was to quantify the effects of greater herbage residuals in winter on leaf appearance rate, herbage accumulation and quality, and plant energy reserves, as well as quantifying the effects nitrogen (N), or phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) fertilisers had on the above measures. Ten pasture areas were grazed to different residual masses (1260 ± 101 and 1868 ± 139 kg DM/ha, Severe and Lax, respectively) over five consecutive days by dry dairy cows. Two randomly located subplots within each grazing area were fertilised with either 50 kg N/ha (N treatment) or 50 kg N/ha, 31 kg S/ha plus 26 kg P/ha (N + S + P treatment) on the day immediately following defoliation (day 1), and were compared with a control subplot. Neither growth rate (15.1 ± 8.1 kg DM/ha.day), nor leaf appearance rate (15.1 ± 0.3 days per new leaf) differed between treatments. As a result, herbage accumulated over the 49 days of regrowth was similar across grazing treatments and averaged 726 kg DM/ha. Application of N + S + P tended to increase total herbage accumulated during regrowth compared with either the control or N treatment subplots (860 v. 675 and 643 kg DM/ha, respectively), likely a result of increased tiller density. Swards defoliated more severely had lower initial water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations compared with swards laxly defoliated, but this difference had disappeared before appearance of the third new leaf. Herbage quality improved in the Severe treatment subplots after emergence of the third new leaf, with higher digestibility, greater WSC and metabolisable energy, and lower fibre content than in laxly grazed subplots.

Growth and carbon partitioning in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cultivars selected for high water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations

2002 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. SMITH ◽  
R. A. CULVENOR ◽  
M. O. HUMPHREYS ◽  
R. J. SIMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
High Water ◽  
Carbon Partitioning ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars with increased water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations were evaluated under controlled environment conditions. The growth and carbon partitioning of these cultivars was compared with standard cultivars during vegetative growth. The high WSC cultivars had shoot growth rates that were not significantly different from the standard cultivars, confirming that the extra WSC in these cultivars was not made available through reductions in yield potential. The extra WSC stored in these cultivars coincided with lower concentrations of neutral detergent fibre in the dry matter. When the cultivars were grown in hydroponic solution the high WSC cultivars Aurora and Ba10727 were found to also have less root mass and a lower root[ratio ]shoot ratio than the standard cultivars. However, this trait was not consistent across all high WSC cultivars with Cariad having the same root[ratio ]shoot ratio as the standard cultivars at the end of the experiment. The reduction in the root mass of the cultivars Aurora and Ba10727 was far greater than necessary to provide the extra carbon stored as WSC in these cultivars. The implications of these results for the breeding of cultivars of perennial ryegrass with increased WSC concentrations are discussed.

Defoliation frequency and cultivar effects on the storage and utilisation of stolon and root reserves in white clover

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Lawson ◽  
K. B. Kelly ◽  
P. W. G. Sale
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Stolon Length ◽  
Defoliation Frequency ◽  
Leaf Appearance

The effects of defoliation frequency (2 or 6 defoliations over a 91-day period) on the reserve status and growth rate of 2 white clover cultivars, cvv. Irrigation (medium-leafed) and Haifa (large-leafed), were examined over the final 42 days of the defoliation treatments. The clover plants consisted of single stolons growing in a sand/scoria mix in an unheated glasshouse, and were fertilised weekly with a solution containing essential nutrients excluding nitrogen. More frequent defoliation reduced the leaf appearance rate, stolon elongation rate, and plant size, and increased stolon death, with all of these effects being less pronounced in Irrigation than in Haifa (18% v. 30%, 60% v. 80%, and 23% v 34%, respectively, for leaf appearance rates, stolon elongation rates, and the proportion of stolon length that died). With infrequent defoliation, the combined utilisation of starch and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserves in the first 14 days after defoliation was equivalent to 15% of the plant weight at defoliation, and to 95% of the new leaf produced during that period. Frequent defoliation reduced the reserve content and remobilisation less in Irrigation than in Haifa, with the combined mass of remobilised starch and WSC over the first 14 days after defoliation being 2.9% and 2.0% of the plant weight at defoliation, and 29% and 19% of leaf production over that period, for Irrigation and Haifa, respectively. The greater reserve mobilisation in Irrigation than in Haifa plants under frequent defoliation probably contributed to their higher growth rates and reduced stolon death. These cultivar differences with frequent defoliation suggest that Irrigation is more suited to frequent defoliation than Haifa.

Characterisation of the WSC fraction of six species of temperate pasture grass

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 247-248
Author(s):  
J. C. Ince ◽  
A. C. Longland ◽  
A. J. Cairns ◽  
M. Moore–Colyer
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Field Plots

The carbohydrate (CHO) fraction of pasture grasses is a major source of energy for many domestic herbivores. However, the amounts, and types, of the water–soluble carbohydrate (WSC) fraction (i.e. glucose, fructose, sucrose, and polymers of sucrose and fructose, the fructans) present in such grasses, varies with species and environmental conditions. As the WSC constitute a highly digestible, energy yielding fraction of grasses, it is important to be able to measure their levels in a sward so that the diets of pastured animals may be designed to elicit optimal health and productivity. The aim of this study was to characterise the WSC profile of six UK pasture grasses, and to develop a technique for extracting the fructan portion of the WSC.Six species of UK pasture grasses [Cocksfoot (C), Timothy (T), Meadow Fescue (M), Italian Ryegrass (IR), Perennial Ryegrass (PR) and Hybrid Ryegrass (HR)] were grown in experimental field plots at IGER.

Methane emissions differ between sheep offered a conventional diploid, a high-sugar diploid or a tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivar at two allowances at three times of the year

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jonker ◽  
G. Molano ◽  
E. Sandoval ◽  
P. S. Taylor ◽  
C. Antwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Elevated Water ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Male Sheep

Elevated water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration in the diet may affect rumen fermentation and consequently reduce methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of the present study was to determine CH4 emissions from male sheep (8 per treatment) in respiration chambers for 48 h and fed either a conventional diploid (CRG), a high-sugar diploid (HSG) or a tetraploid (TRG) perennial ryegrass cultivar, each offered at 0.7 or 1.0 kg dry matter (DM)/day during periods in early spring 2013 (P1), early autumn 2014 (P2) and late spring 2014 (P3). There was a significant (P < 0.001) interaction between cultivar and period for CH4 yield (g/kg DM intake). In P1 yield was 9% lower (P = 0.007) for sheep fed HSG than for sheep fed CRG or TRG, in P2 yield was 16% lower (P < 0.001) for sheep fed TRG than that for sheep fed CRG or HSG, and in P3 yield was 15% lower (P < 0.001) for sheep fed TRG than that for sheep fed CRG, with HSG-fed sheep being intermediate and not significantly different from either CRG or TRG. Despite there being a cultivar × period interaction, overall, CH4 yield was lower for sheep fed HSG or TRG than for sheep fed CRG (P < 0.001). There were no cultivar × level of feed offer interactions and, overall, yield of CH4 was 9% higher (P = 0.003) for sheep offered 0.7 than for sheep offered 1.0 kg DM/day. In each period, one or other of the high-WSC diploid (HSG) or tetraploid cultivars (TRG) gave lower CH4 yields than did the control diploid (CRG), suggesting that CH4 yield is reduced by characteristics of these cultivars. However, the effect was not consistently associated with either cultivar and could not be attributed to higher forage water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations.

The distribution of errors associated with genotype and environment during the prediction of the water-soluble carbohydrate concentration of perennial ryegrass cultivars using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Smith ◽  
G. A. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Significant deviations associated with site or cultivars within sites were detected in 4 of 6 independent near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations developed to predict water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations in perennial ryegrass herbage harvested from 2 sites. These effects were observed both when calibration subsets were selected on the basis of spectral characteristics, and when calibration sets were balanced with respect to a priori knowledge of the structure of the data set. However, there were also instances when non-random deviations were not significant, demonstrating that it was possible to develop broadly based NIRS calibrations to predict WSC in perennial ryegrass. Deviations between NIRS predictions and reference values should be monitored, with reference to the structure of the experiment from which the samples were derived, before NIRS estimates of WSC concentration are used in agronomy or plant breeding.

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