The assay of oestrogenic activity of Trifolium subterraneum L. by increase in uterine weight in the spayed guinea pig. II. Assays

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 480 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Alexander ◽  
RH Watson
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Absolute

When fed to spayed guinea pigs under the conditions outlined in Part I (Alexander and Watson 1951), whole clover from 83 per cent. of all samples and lamina from all of the few samples of this fraction yielded values of the mean log uterine weight in decigrams (mean log u.dg.) above 0.75, and provided data from which relative oestrogenic activities could be calculated by application of the previously derived statistics. The activity of fresh samples of four varieties of whole clover rose to a maximum in the mid-winter months, then decreased as the season progressed. However, both the absolute level and the magnitude and time relations of the changes varied with the different materials. Samples of lamina possessed high activity, while samples of petiole and stem exhibited little or no activity. Both the lamina and whole clover fractions of samples from grazed areas exhibited higher activity than corresponding material from adjacent ungrazed areas. Dehydration of clover reduced its activity. Little further change in activity occurred during storage of dried material over a period of 17 months. No demonstrable activity was present in the few species of plants other than subterranean clover which were tested.

Varietal reactions of Trifolium subterraneum L. to Phaseolus virus 2 Pierce.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 598 ◽  
Author(s):  
EM Hutton ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
Trypan Blue ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Severe Strain ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Lethal Reaction ◽  
The Mean

A number of varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were tested with a severe strain of Phaseolus virus 2 Pierce. Northam First Early, Dwalganup, and Pink Flowered gave lethal necrotic reactions while the rest developed mottles and chlorosis of different degrees of intensity. Reductions in the mean fresh weights of plants of five subterranean clover varieties ranged from 26.1 to 76.7 per cent. Epidermal cells of mottled leaves contained irregular aggregates of viroplasts stained by treatment with phloxine-trypan blue. Viroplasts in young tip leaves did not stain if the plants were held at temperatures below 44.6°F while those in mature basal leaves were not so affected. The lethal-reactors Northam First Early, Dwalganup, and Pink Flowered were resistant in the field to Phaseolus virus 2. With hand inoculation in the glass-house an average of 10 per cent. of plants of these varieties remained free from systemic infection, whereas all the plants of mottle-reacting varieties became systemically infected. The virus had a discontinous distribution in plants of lethal-reactors, compared with a continuous distribution in those of mottle-reactors such as Mount Barker. The lethal reaction is heritable in a dominant fashion in most crosses, so that the development of desirable new virus- resistant varieties is possible.

COMPARISON OF THE CHARACTERISTICS AND OF THE HORMONAL CONTROL OF ENDOMETRIAL AND MYOMETRIAL PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS

1975 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. LUU THI ◽  
E. E. BAULIEU ◽  
E. MILGROM
Keyword(s):  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Progesterone Receptors ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Diploid Genome ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Hormone Specificity

SUMMARY The characteristics of endometrial and myometrial progesterone receptor of guinea-pig were compared. Affinity for progesterone, hormone specificity, sedimentation properties (in oestrogen-primed animals), inhibition of binding by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate were found to be identical in both tissues. Differences were, however, observed in the hormonal control of the concentration of receptor. In all the situations studied, the concentration of receptors was higher in the endometrium than in the myometrium. In guinea-pigs ovariectomized at dioestrus the concentration was 3500 binding sites per diploid genome in the myometrium and 20300 in the endometrium; 1–3 days after oestradiol injection, this concentration was raised to 46000–38000 and 65000–83000 binding sites respectively. Thus the absolute rise was similar in both tissues but the relative increase was about 15-fold in the myometrium and only three- to fourfold in the endometrium. After injection of 2 mg progesterone, the concentration of receptor previously induced by oestrogen returned to very low values similar to those observed in non-hormonally treated controls. This difference between endometrial and myometrial receptors could be due either to a faster turnover of the latter or to the existence of a stable non-hormonally controlled population of receptors, present only in the endometrium.

Synthesis and transport of lipoprotein lipase in perfused guinea pig hearts

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (2) ◽  
pp. H438-H446 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Liu ◽  
T. Olivecrona
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Perfused Hearts ◽  
Total Lipoprotein

Total lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity did not differ significantly between hearts from fed or fasted guinea pigs. Incorporation of [35S]methionine into immunoprecipitable LPL was also the same. The rates at which perfused hearts from fed or fasted guinea pigs released LPL activity into the medium were, however, different (2 vs. 4 mU.g-1.min-1). These rates remained constant over 60 min of perfusion. Addition of heparin to the medium resulted in a peak of LPL activity during the first 2 min, followed by a shoulder of relatively high activity, which gradually declined to a constant rate from 30 min. The peak and shoulders were less with hearts from fed animals than with hearts from fasted animals, but the constant rates were similar. Cycloheximide added at the start of the perfusion had no effect on the peak or on the early part of the shoulder, but the LPL activity released from 30 min continuously decreased so that at 60 min it was less than half of that in controls. Studies in which the enzyme was pulse labeled by perfusion 15 min with medium containing [35S]methionine and then chased up to 75 min with unlabeled medium showed no differences in how LPL is transported and metabolized in hearts from fed vs. fasted guinea pigs. Thus the data suggest that factors outside the heart influence the disposition of heart LPL in vivo.

The effect of associate perennial grasses on a simple pasture mixture of phalaris and subterranean clover

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
WD Andrew ◽  
CA Neal-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Small Change

Over the period 1952-1954 there was no significant difference in the yield of herbage produced annually by the addition to a Phalaris tuberosa L.–Trifolium subterraneum L. pasture mixture, of any one of the following grasses: Agropyron obtusiusculum Lange., Bromus coloratus Steud., Bromus inermis Leyss., Dactylis glomerata L., or Festuca arundinacea Schreb. There were indications of a small change in seasonal production where certain grasses, notably D. glomerata, were included in the mixture. Over the 3-year period the proportion of the sown grass component, in the mixtures where either D. glomerata, B. inermis, or B. coloratus were included, increased by a greater amount than where the simple mixture of phalaris and subterranean clover was used. The addition of each grass also lessened the amount of P. tuberosa in the sown grass component of the yield. In the third year, despite the varying proportions of the phalaris and associated sown grass species, the mean population of the sown perennial grasses in each treatment did not differ significantly from the mean figure of 1.34 plants/sq. lk. The increased production of the sown grass yield component following the association of certain of the above species with P. tuberosa suggests that the latter does not fully exploit the environment. The principle of including another perennial grass when sowing phalaris and subterranean clover might have wide application as a means of combatting "phalaris staggers".

The assay of oestrogenic activity of Trifolium subterraneum L. by increase in uterine weight in the spayed guinea pig. I. Characteristics of the dose-response relationship

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Alexander ◽  
RH Watson
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Regression Coefficient ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
Limits Of Error

When graded doses of clover were consumed over a period of eight hours on each of two days by animals weighing 350-520 g. which had been spayed from 19 to 23 days, the uterine weight 50 to 52 hours after feeding began was related to the amount of clover consumed. In 29 of the series of observations in which clover was fed at different dose levels, the corresponding means of the logarithm of the uterine weights in decigrams (log u.dg.) were either distributed in equal numbers about 0.75 or most were greater than 0.75. The data relating the logarithm of the dose in grams (log d.g.) to log u.dg. from these 29 series were well fitted by a straight line over the range log u.dg. = 0.75 to 0.90, and they possessed such characteristics that the log d.g., log u.dg. relationship may be taken as affording a satisfactory basis for comparing, with definable limits of error, the relative activities, presumably oestrogenic, of most samples of clover. When graded doses of hexoestrol were administered orally under similar conditions to the clover, the weight of the uterus was also related to the dose administered, and the data relating log dose and log uterine weight were fitted by a straight line with a regression coefficient of a similar order. No increase in weight of the uterus followed oral administration of doses as great as 20 mg. of testosterone or progesterone.

Quantitative aspects of phytooestrogen metabolism in sheep fed on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cultivar clare) or red clover (Trifolium pratense)

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Shutt ◽  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Free Form ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

Studies have been made of the digestion and metabolism in Merino wethers of the isoflavones in subterranean clover (Trtfolium subterraneurn cv. Clare) and red clover (T. pratense). The dietary intake of isoflavones with both clovers was about 9 g per day. With the subterranean clover, the isoflavones were predominantly genistein and biochanin A, and slight teat length increases in the wethers ingesting this clover indicated a low level of oestrogenicity. With the red clover formononetin represented 60% of the isoflavone present and the wethers on this diet exhibited maximal teat length increases indicating a high level of oestrogenicity. Less than 1 % of the daily intake of the isoflavones was excreted as such in the faeces and urine; hence most of these compounds were metabolized or retained in the sheep. The dietary isoflavones were found to disappear rapidly from the rumen, and it was estimated by using marker techniques that the removal of these compounds from the stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum) was virtually complete. Equol (7,4'-dihydroxyisoflavan), a metabolite of formononetin, was the predominant phyto-oestrogen in the digesta and excreta when red clover was given. The excretion of 3.9 g/day of this compound, mainly in urine, was equivalent to 70% of the intake of formononetin. It was calculated that about 86% of the equol produced in the rumen was absorbed from that organ; the mean residence time for equol in the rumen was estimated to be 1.7 hr. The isoflavones were present in blood plasma mainly in conjugated forms. Equol predominated with both clovers. The levels of equol were much lower with the subterranean clover than with the red clover diet; the concentrations of the conjugated form were respectively 13 and 300-440 �g/100 ml. Equol in the free form, although not detectable with the subterranean clover, was present at 4-10 �g/100 ml with red clover. The data were considered to be consistent with the conclusion that equol accounts for most of the phyto-oestrogenic activity in sheep fed on clovers containing high levels of formononetin.

Studies in uterotrophic activities in strains of subterranean clover

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 871 ◽  
Author(s):  
HL Davies
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Negative Controls

Uterotrophic responses in ovariectomized ewes when fed or grazed on Mount Barker, Yarloop or Dwalganup varieties of subterranean clover are reported. The high formononetin varieties Dwalganup and Yarloop always elicited a uterotrophic response. The low-formononetin, high-genistein and biochanin A variety, Mount Barker, stimulated a uterotrophic response, using a 5-day bioassay, when fed at 200g/day or 800g/day, but little or no response when grazed. When chopped lucerne hay was offered with 200 g of the Mount Barker the uterotrophic response was suppressed and the mean uterine weight was not significantly different from that of the negative controls (P= 0.57). The uterine weight of sheep eating 200 g/day of Yarloop and offered lucerne chaff or pellets in one experiment was lower (but not significantly lower) than the unsupplemented group. This trend may be worthy of further investigation.

scholarly journals The effects of dietary restriction and exercise on the volume of adipocytes in two intra-orbital depots in the guinea-pig

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine A. Mattacks ◽  
Caroline M. Pond
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Constant Volume ◽  
Orbital Fat ◽  
Diet And Exercise ◽  
The Mean

1. The volume of adipocytes in two intra-orbital sites and fourteen superficial and intra-abdominal sites, and the total adipocyte complement have been measured in virgin and reproductive guinea-pigs maintained on several different regimens of diet and exercise.2. The adipocytes around the ocular muscles at the back of the orbit (peripheral fat) are always larger than those just behind the eyeball (orbital fat).3. The adipocytes in both the intra-orbital sites are significantly larger in guinea-pigs whose total adipocyte complement is smaller than one standard deviation from the mean, than in those which have a normal-size or large adipocyte complement.4. The volume of intra-orbital adipocytes correlates very significantly with the volume of adipocytes in superficial and intra-abdominal sites in guinea-pigs which have large adipocyte complements, correlates weakly in those with normal adipocyte complements and not at all in those with small adipocyte complements.5. It is suggested that there may be fewer intra-orbital adipocytes in animals which have small adipocyte complements, and that, because the intra-orbital adipose tissue occupies a constant volume, the adipocytes in these sites become larger when they are less numerous.

Studies on the oestrogenic potency of subtrerranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in South-Western Australia

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
HL Davies ◽  
D Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dose Response Curve ◽  
Biological Assay ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Varietal Differences

The oestrogenic activity of three varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) — Dwalganup, Yarloop, and Mount Barker — was measured by means of the response in fresh weight of uterus + cervix in both ovariectomized virgin and ovariectomized cast-for-age ewes. The standard oestrogen used was diethylstilboestrol, administered intramuscularly. There was no difference between virgin and aged sheep in the slope of the dose-response curve. Thus aged sheep can be used for biological assay of oestrogens. The varieties Yarloop and Dwalganup were highly potent; Mount Barker produced only slight increases in uterine weight. The relevance of these varietal differences in oestrogenic potency is discussed in relation to the sheep infertility problem associated with oestrogenic pastures.

scholarly journals THE GEOTROPIC CONDUCT OF YOUNG GUINEA PIGS

1930 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 647-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan Upton
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
The Body ◽  
Automatic Check ◽  
Inclined Plane ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Inclined Surface ◽  
Two Sides

Young guinea pigs while progressing on an inclined surface orient upward in a way such that the path of progression is at a mean angle θ to the intersection of the plane with the horizontal. The angle θ increases as the angle α of the inclination of the plane increases. The results of this experiment indicate that in principle the formulation of similar behavior in the cases of young rats and mice holds essentially for young guinea pigs, and further supports a general muscle tension theory of the limitation of geotropic orientation. The relation of θ to log sin α is sigmoid in character and cos θ is a nearly rectilinear function sin α. It is notable however that in this case the functions are in reality compound, being made up of two curves with a break occurring at a slope of α = 45°. Observation of a blinded guinea pig in light upon an inclined plane reveals the fact that in the neighborhood of 45° the mode of progression changes. Below this angle the animal walks with the feet on the two sides of the body moving forward alternately, while above α = 45° the animal hops in such a way that both front feet and both hind feet move forward together. This change in the mode of progression clearly involves a change in the organization of muscular tensions, and in all probability accounts for the change in the relation of the values of θ to the magnitudes of the slope. The behavior of the mean θ's is closely paralleled by that of their P.E.'s, an automatic check being in this way given upon the significance of the measurements.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document