The breed structure and genetic analysis of the pedigree cattle breeds in Australia

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
JSF Barker
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Genetic Contribution ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Effective Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Relationship Of

(i) The breed structure and genetic history of the pedigree Jersey breed in Australia are analysed by pedigree sampling methods. (ii) The breed structure may be divided into four levels, with imported animals at the top determining the genetic make-up of the breed. Animals imported since 1900 have made a genetic contribution to the breed in 1950 of 61.8 per cent. At least two substructures exist within the breed, based respectively on the major herds in Queensland and those in the rest of Australia. (iii) The genetic contribution to the breed of the most important of the herds is only 7.0 per cent. (iv) Determination of the percentage direct relationship of important animals in five sample years shows that no one animal has made a major contribution to the genotype of the breed. (v) The degree of inbreeding (base year 1900) is calculated. The total inbreeding in 1950 (4.19 per cent.) comprises 1.31 per cent. current inbreeding, 0.51 per cent. long-term inbreeding, and 2.37 per cent. strain inbreeding. The index of subdivision calculated from the non-current and long-term inbreeding is 5.65, indicating that the breed is subdivided into strains. (vi) The effective generation length for each of the pedigree breeds – Jersey, Australian Illawarra Shorthorn, Friesian, Ayrshire, and Guernsey – in Australia is 5 years. Most bulls are used when they are 1-3 years old, and are then lost to the pedigree industry. It is shown that the bull requirements of the above breeds could be met by the progeny of performance-recorded animals. Whether this would increase the rate of genetic improvement is discussed briefly. (vii) Genetic improvement in the Jersey breed could best be achieved by: ( a ) stopping further importation; ( b ) closing the breed in each environment and concentrating selection within these regions to develop strains adapted to each particular environment; ( c ) selecting on production records rather than using genetically unknown sires and dams, particularly in the major breeders' herds.

The breed structure and genetic analysis of the pedigree Sahiwal breed in Australia

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
ND Herron
Keyword(s):  
Development Stage ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Effective Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Special Case

The breed structure and genetic history of the pedigree Sahiwal breed in Australia were analysed from registration data from the Society's Herd Book. It is stressed that the study is a special case—a new breed founded on 10 imported animals, numerically small, and still in its development stage. The breed structure was divided into four levels, with 10 imported animals at the top determining the genetic make-up of the breed. The genetic contribution of imported animals to the breed was 73.5%. Determination of the percentage direct relationship of important animals showed that several animals made a major contribution to the genotype of the breed. The maximum contribution of any one animal was 36.2%. Total inbreeding in 1974 was 21.2%. This comprised 5.6% current inbreeding, 8.3% long-term inbreeding and 7.3% strain inbreeding. The index of subdivision calculated from non-current and long-term inbreeding was 1.88, which indicated that there was little effective subdivision of the breed into separate strains. The effective generation length was 6 years. There was no selective registration of either sex.

The breed structure and genetic analysis of the pedigree cattle breeds in Australia. III. The Hereford

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Davey ◽  
JSF Barker
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Genetic Contribution ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Effective Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

(i) The structure and genetic history of the pedigree Hereford breed in Australia are analysed by pedigree sampling methods. (ii) The pattern of the breed structure is generally similar to that found in other breeds, but it is extremely dynamic owing to the present rapid expansion of the breed. Changes are taking place in the herd composition of the major breeders' groups and there are many new herds yet to find their level in the structure. (iii) Considerable emphasis has been placed on the use of imported animals in the development of the breed. Of all herds registering in Volume 24 of the herd book, 31.6% used imported sires, and the percentage of genes in the breed in 1949 derived from animals imported since 1880 was 97.7, and from animals imported since 1930, 53.9%. (iv) The most important herd in 1949 made a genetic contribution to the breed of 33.1%, while the contributions of the four next most important herds were 17.4, 10.1, 7.4, and 6.1%. In the four-generation pedigrees from which these figures were derived, the contribution of imported animals was 56.1%. (v) The animal with the highest relationship to the breed was Free Town Director (Imp.), with direct relationships of 5.6 and 9.2% to the 1941 and 1949 samples respectively. Of the 16 sires and one dam whose direct relationships are 3.0% or more in any of the three sample years, 12 sires were imported. (vi) The total inbreeding in 1949 (base year 1880) was 2.6%. This comprised 0.2% current inbreeding, 1.6% long-term inbreeding, and 0.8% strain inbreeding. There was no evidence of subdivision of the breed into separate strains. (vii) The effective generation length has decreased since 1930 to about 5.5 years in the 1949–50 sample. Nearly 50% of the animals in this sample were sired by bulls 4 years old or younger, while about 33% were from dams 4 years old or younger. (viii) Bulls from major breeders' herds are used widely throughout the breed, while about 90% of sires and 45% of dams were bred in herds other than the one in which they were used. Therefore, it is unlikely that there is much genetic variation between herds.

The breed structure and genetic analysis of the pedigree cattle breeds in Australia. II. The Poll Hereford

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
JSF Barker ◽  
GP Davey
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Effective Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
The Relationship

(i) The breed structure and genetic history of the pedigree Poll Hereford breed in Australia are analysed by pedigree sampling methods. (ii) The basic pattern of the breed structure is similar to that found in other studies, but it is both diffuse and dynamic owing to the present rapid expansion of the breed. There are a number of herds moving into the major breeders' group and there are many new herds yet to find their level in the structure. (iii) An attempt is made to determine why particular herds become major breeders' herds. It is suggested that the use of imported animals is important, while there is evidence that those herds apparently moving into this group show a higher degree of selective registration of males. The relationship between herd size and importance of the herd is considered. (iv) The breed has developed since 1920 entirely from imported Poll Hereford and from imported and Australian-bred horned (pedigree Hereford) animals. The percentages of genes in the breed in 1949 derived from these animals are 64.3 and 35.7 per cent. respectively. (v) The most important herd in 1949 has a genetic contribution to the breed of 26.9 per cent. However, the genetic contributions of the four next most important herds are only 6.7, 6.1, 5.1, and 4.5 per cent. In the four-generation pedigrees from which these figures are derived, the genetic contributions of imported and horned animals are respectively 56.3 and 36.6 per cent. (vi) The animal with the highest relationship to the breed is Woodrow 1st (imp.), with direct relationships of 2.0 and 9.3 per cent. to the 1937 and 1949 samples respectively. Of the 14 sires and three dams whose direct relationships are 3.0 per cent. or over in either of the two sample years, nine sires and two dams are imported but none is horned. (vii) The degree of inbreeding (base year 1920) is calculated. The total inbreeding in 1949 (1.8 per cent.) comprises 0.8 per cent. current inbreeding, 0.6 per cent. long-term inbreeding, and 0.4 per cent. strain inbreeding. There is no evidence of subdivision of the breed into separate strains. (viii) The effective generation length is approximately 5.5 years. Nearly 50 per cent. of the animals in the 1949-50 sample are sired by bulls 4 years old or younger, while nearly 40 per cent. are from dams 4 years old or younger. (ix) It is not likely that there is much genetic variation between herds. Bulls from major breeders' herds are used widely throughout the breed while about 80 per cent. of sires and 60 per cent. of dams are bred in herds other than the one in which they are used.

The Research on the Strategies for Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection

2013 ◽  
Vol 869-870 ◽  
pp. 786-790
Author(s):  
Chen Chen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
National Economic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dialectical Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of

The strategies for sustainable development have been included in the medium and long term plan of 2010 for national economic and social development. Protecting the environment is the most important prerequisite and safeguards for the sustainable development strategy. In the study, we described the history of the environmental problems in the world, the proposal and implications of sustainable development, and outlined the dialectical relationship of development with the environment. The environmental protection measures for sustainable development were proposed here, according to the environmental situation severely affecting its biophysical environment.

scholarly journals Cesarean scar defect and its association with clinical symptoms, uterine position and the number of cesarean sections

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 4091
Author(s):  
Madhangi V. B. ◽  
Ramany C.
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Transvaginal Ultrasound ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cesarean Sections ◽  
History Of ◽  
Caesarean Scar Defect ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Caesarean scar defect (CSD), also called isthmocele or niche is a long-term complication, which can be asymptomatic or can give rise to chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia and postmenstrual spotting. The objective of this study was to assess the association of CSD with clinical symptoms, position of the uterus and the number of caesarean sections.Methods: This was a prospective observational study done at a tertiary care teaching hospital from January 2019 to December 2019. The study included women with history of previous one or more caesarean sections with demonstrable CSD on transvaginal ultrasound. Various scar dimensions noted were width and depth of the scar. A deficiency ratio was calculated as a ratio of residual myometrium at the scar to the adjacent myometrium.Univariate analysis was done to assess the relationship of clinical symptoms with the defect parameters and number of previous caesarean sections. Multiple logistic regression analysis was done to find out the association between symptoms and number of previous caesarean sections with the scar defect dimensions.Results: The width, depth and deficiency ratio of the CSD were significantly higher in study subjects with a greater number of caesarean sections. Retroflexed uteri had larger CSD. There was no association of clinical features with the defect dimensions and the position of the uterus.Conclusions: CSD dimensions and deficiency ratio correlate with the number of previous caesarean sections and the position of the uterus. There was no association of clinical symptoms with the defect parameters.

Long Term Changes in Abundance of Eggs of the Cornish Pilchard (Sardina Pilchardus Walbaum) Off Plymouth

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Southward
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Personal Communications ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inshore Waters ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Hearsay Evidence ◽  
The Relationship

The inshore fishery for the pilchard in Cornish waters has existed for several hundred years, and such records as are available concerning fluctuation in catches and market conditions have been reviewed by Couch (1865), Cushing (1957) and Culley (1971). Although pilchard have been landed from Lyme Bay, from the eastern half of the Channel, and from the southern North Sea (Couch, 1865; Furnestin, 1945; Cushing, 1957; personal communications G. T. Boalch) the catches have usually been incidental to other fisheries and more sporadic than in Cornish waters. Traditionally there are three areas fished for the Cornish pilchard: on the north-west coast around St Ives; in Mounts Bay and towards the Scillies; and between the Lizard Pt and Bolt Tail in Devon (Couch, 1865; Culley, 1971). The latter region, constituting the inshore waters of south-east Cornwall and south Devon, effectively forms the eastern limits of the regular occurrence of commercial shoals. Knowledge of the breeding and life-history of the fish in this region has always been scarce and subject to much hearsay evidence (reviewed in Southward, 1963). Up to quite recently it was thought that the main spawning area lay well to the west of the entrance to the Channel, and it was not until the investigations reported by Corbin (1947,195°) a nd Cushing (1957)tnat it was conclusively shown that extensive spawning can occur within the English Channel from May to October. The relationship of the spawning in the western Channel to the other areas of spawning off the entrance to the Channel and in the northern Bay of Biscay is illustrated in a recent series of reports (Arbault & Boutin, 1968; Arbault & Lacroix-Boutin, 1969; Arbault & Lacroix, 1971; Wallace, P. D. & Pleasants, C. A., duplicated ICES meeting paper CM 1972/J: 8), and is further demonstrated by Demir & Southward (1974) in discussing the results of a study of small scale seasonal changes in spawning intensity in inshore waters.

scholarly journals Ukraine in the history of the movement for the conservation of geological heritage in Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-134
Author(s):  
Volodymyr V. Manyuk ◽  
Olesia V. Bondar ◽  
Oleh V. Yaholnyk
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Geological Heritage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
First Nature

The paper focuses on the history of the movement for preservation of geological heritage of Ukraine, closely related to the history of geoconservation in Europe; determines the relationship of the extent of geodiversity and geological structure of a certain country, political system, historical traditions and attitude towards wildlife and inanimate nature. Despite the fact that geodiversity and biodiversity have always been in parallel, traditionally all nations in all the continents have focused more on the preservation of so-called wildlife. The article describes that preservation of the so-called inanimate nature; provides a rather sufficient analysis of literature sources which report on the problem of preserving bio- and geodiversity not only in Ukraine, but also in other countries of Europe. In particular, the combination of biotic and abiotic constituents of nature proved to be an essential aspect in determining the place of the world`s first nature reserve and location of an important centre of Buddhism in Mihintale, Sri Lanka. The start of the movement for preservation of so-called inanimate nature in Europe could, with a certain extent of possibility, be considered the first historical written mention of the subject, which was declared in the 10th Chapter of Third Statute of Lithuania in 1588. That is protection of rivers against artificial change of their banks, change in currents and preservation of large erratic boulders. As an important stage of the beginning of the movement for preservation of the so-called inanimate, can be considered the year 1668, when in Germany the Baumannshöhle cave was preserved. It was first mentioned in the literature in 1565, and in 1646 the cave became an object of tourism. During the analysis of the historical stage related to the movement ProGEO, we emphasizes international events in which the representatives of the Ukrainian ProGEO group took part. Active work of the Ukrainian ProGEO group created conditions for transition to a new level of geoconservation, i.e. determination of the possibility of creating a new category of objects of the Nature-Reserve fund of Ukraine – geological parks (geoparks) as important locations for the development of geotourism and territories of complex conservation of the natural environment.

Pedigree Dorset Horn sheep in Australia. 2. Breed structure and genetic analysis

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (91) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
NM Fogarty
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Genetic Contribution ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
The Third ◽  
Breed Improvement ◽  
High Level ◽  
Relationship Of

Flock Books were used to determine the breed structure of pedigree Dorset Horn sheep in Australia. Four-generation ram sample pedigrees were used to determine important flocks in 1954, 1969 and 1974. Two-line ram sample pedigrees traced to foundation or imported animals were used to determine important animals and the level of inbreeding and its components in the same years. A hierarchical breed structure was found to exist. Only 15 to 18 per cent of flocks were Breeders' Flocks, i.e. supplied rams to other pedigree flocks, and only one-third of these supplied rams to other Breeders' Flocks. The effective number of flocks supplying sires in the third and fourth generations was two to three in 1954 and four to five in 1974 and 1969. One flock, Newbold, had a genetic contribution of over 40 per cent in 1954. Two flocks had a genetic contribution of over 20 per cent each, with five flocks having a combined genetic contribution of over 62 per cent in 1974. Total inbreeding was 12.5 per cent and increased by 1.5 per cent per generation in the five years to 1974. Current inbreeding was 1.85 per cent in 1974 with 5.0 per cent of matings being parent-offspring and 3.7 per cent paternal half-sib. Expected long-term inbreeding (7.9 per cent) was the major component, which was caused by few animals being used extensively in the development of the breed. One sire had a direct relationship of 30 per cent to rams registered in 1974. Implications of the high level of inbreeding are discussed as well as development of breed improvement schom3s within the existing breed structure.

Rubidium Sulfate Flame Detector: Effect of Design of Alkali Source and Anode on Sensitivity and Stability

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-541
Author(s):  
Hiroko K DeLoach ◽  
D D Hemphill
Keyword(s):  
Detection System ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Flame Detector ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Rubidium Sulfate ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract An improved alkali-flame detector using pure rubidium sulfate and an anode of new design were optimized for the quantitative determination of organophosphate pesticides. The performance of this detection system was evaluated for response to organophosphate standards, noise level, fluctuation of baseline, short- and long-term reproducibility at low pesticides levels, conditioning time of instrument, life and physical stability of alkali source, and required frequency of detector cleaning. Under optimum conditions the detector was sensitive to 1 pg pesticide standard. To define the parameters of the alkali flame detector, studies were made of different designs of the alkali source which influence flame configuration and the relationship of the position and shape of the anode to the flame. The most important parameter appears to be the method of introducing alkali vapor.

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