Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of sheep. XVI. Partition of ketone bodies in blood, tissues, and urine

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Reid
Keyword(s):  
Renal Clearance ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Acetoacetic Acid ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Blood Concentrations

Acetone comprised 0–40% (average 18%) of the acetoacetic acid plus acetone fraction in sheep blood, in which the level of this fraction was 0.6–5.2 mg % (as acetone). Acetoacetic acid was largely converted to acetone during storage of blood at –20°C, with intermittent thawing for analysis. Concentrations of acetoacetic acid in red cells were similar to those in plasma, but those of ß-hydroxybutyric acid were considerably lower. In contrast to acetoacetic acid, ß-hydroxybutyric acid was virtually absent from foetal blood and from brain tissue. Concentrations of both ketone fractions in liver and muscle tissue were about one-half the blood concentrations. The renal clearance of acetoacetic acid plus acetone in hyperketonaemic pregnant ewes was independent of blood level up to 20 mg % and was little affected by rate of urine flow. Clearance values were in the range of 4–9 ml per min, which indicates that most of the acetoacetic acid filtered at the glomeruli is absorbed by the renal tubules. Renal clearance of ß-hydroxybutyric acid was dependent on blood level and was more affected by rate of urine flow than that of acetoacetic acid. Very little ß-hydroxybutyric acid appeared in the urine when blood levels were below 15 mg %. Clearance increased as blood concentration rose above this level, and reached maximum values, mostly of 3–5 ml per min, at blood levels exceeding 30 mg %.

EFFECTS OF INHIBITORS OF SULFANILAMIDE ACETYLATION ON SULPHONAMIDE BLOOD CONCENTRATIONS

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Acid Hydrazide ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Aminosalicylic Acid ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Twofold Increase ◽  
Effect Of Inhibitors

The effect of inhibitors of sulphanilamide acetylation on free and total sulphonamide blood levels has been investigated. p-Aminosalicylic acid hydrazide, administered to rabbits in combination with sulphanilamide, produced a twofold increase in the blood level of free sulphanilamide six hours after a single oral dose. Similarly, p-aminosalicylate and p-(dipropylsulphamyl)-benzoic acid together were responsible for a twofold increase in free-sulphonamide blood level six hours after a single oral dose of a triple sulphonamide mixture. Salicylamide and 5-bromosalicylamide were ineffective. The significance of these results is discussed.

Urinary Excretion of Bile Acids in Cholestasis: Evidence for Renal Tubular Secretion in Man

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Corbett ◽  
T. C. Bartholomew ◽  
Barbara H. Billing ◽  
J. A. Summerfield
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Renal Clearance ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Tubular Secretion ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Urine Flow Rate ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Proximal Tubular

1. the apparent renal clearance of intravenously injected [14C]glycocholate and [3H]-chenodeoxycholate-3-sulphate was estimated in 22 patients with cholestasis. the degree of protein binding of the isotopes in serum from these patients was determined. the effects of pharmacological agents, changes in urine flow rate and pH on renal clearance were studied. 2. the mean renal clearance of [14C]glycocholate was 1.7 ± 0.4 ml/min (mean ± sem), and that of [3H]chenodeoxycholate-3-sulphate was 6.4 ± 0.9 ml/min. [14C]Glycocholate was 80.1% protein bound and [3H]chenodeoxycholate-3-sulphate 96.5% protein bound. 3. Comparisons of the observed clearance rates with those calculated on the basis of glomerular filtration of the unbound fraction suggest that whereas [14C]glycocholate is predominantly reabsorbed by the renal tubules, [3H]chenodeoxycholate-3-sulphate appears in the urine mainly as the result of tubular secretion. 4. Probenecid, ethacrynic acid, frusemide and bendrofluazide decreased the clearance of both bile acids, implying competition for secretion via the proximal tubular organic acid secretory pathway between these compounds and bile acids. 5. Passive non-ionic diffusion does not seem to be an important mechanism in the renal excretion of bile acids as changes in urine flow rate and pH did not influence bile acid clearance. 6. A greater affinity of the proximal tubular organic acid secretory pathway for sulphated than for non-sulphated bile acids may explain the higher observed renal clearance rate of sulphated bile acids.

EFFECTS OF INHIBITORS OF SULFANILAMIDE ACETYLATION ON SULPHONAMIDE BLOOD CONCENTRATIONS

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Acid Hydrazide ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Aminosalicylic Acid ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Twofold Increase ◽  
Effect Of Inhibitors

The effect of inhibitors of sulphanilamide acetylation on free and total sulphonamide blood levels has been investigated. p-Aminosalicylic acid hydrazide, administered to rabbits in combination with sulphanilamide, produced a twofold increase in the blood level of free sulphanilamide six hours after a single oral dose. Similarly, p-aminosalicylate and p-(dipropylsulphamyl)-benzoic acid together were responsible for a twofold increase in free-sulphonamide blood level six hours after a single oral dose of a triple sulphonamide mixture. Salicylamide and 5-bromosalicylamide were ineffective. The significance of these results is discussed.

Novel solid-phase assay of ketone bodies in urine

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1565-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
S K Kundu ◽  
A M Judilla
Keyword(s):  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Acetoacetic Acid ◽  
Color Chart ◽  
Weight Loss Programs ◽  
Dark Violet ◽  
Breath Acetone ◽  
Solid Phase Assay ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract This simple dip-and-read color-matching assay measures ketone bodies in urine. The result is matched with any of the seven colors provided in a color chart. The intensity and hue of the color formed depends on the concentration of acetoacetic acid and follows a gradation starting from light purple (0.2 mol/L acetoacetate) to dark purple and finally to dark violet (9 mol/L). The color developed is independent of pH in the range pH 4-9.5, and is stable for at least 1 h. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid produced no color at the concentrations tested (less than or equal to 100 mmol/L), and acetone was detectable only when greater than or equal to 15 mmol/L. The test was compared with the Ames Ketostix assay in subjects who were on restricted-calorie weight-loss programs. The two methods showed good agreement, except that 20% (21/103) of samples that were negative by Ketostix were read as positive by the new method, which may be more sensitive (detection limit = 0.2 mmol/L). Measurement of urine ketones was unreliable (in comparison with measurement of blood or breath acetone) for monitoring the rate of fat loss during a negative calorie balance.

Neuroleptic Blood Levels and Clinical Response

1986 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence H. Rockland
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Drug Dosage ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
The Individual

Gas chromatography and radioreceptor assay technologies made possible the measurement of nanogram quantities of neuroleptic in the blood. They revealed large differences in blood concentrations among patients receiving the same oral dose. This led to the hope that measuring neuroleptic concentrations would allow more effective oral dosing for individual psychotic patients. Early attempts to study neuroleptic concentration/clinical response patterns, using chlorpromazine, produced confusing results. Many of the studies had serious design flaws, and were complicated by the many active metabolites of chlorpromazine. Adequate blood level/response studies should use fixed drug dosage schedules, drug-responsive patients, and neuroleptics without active metabolites. Brain concentration of drug is probably better reflected by erythrocyte than by plasma concentration. Therefore, recent investigators have usually used erythrocyte haloperidol or butaperazine concentrations to study level/response relationships. These recent studies strongly suggest an “optimal concentration” level/response pattern for haloperidol and butaperazine. Patients tend to respond best to moderate concentrations of neuroleptic, and non-response can be due to either too low or too high concentrations. In the latter case, decreasing the oral dose should be seriously considered. Blood level findings remain preliminary. The clinician should continue to fine-tune his clinical skills, using neuroleptic blood concentrations to complement his clinical judgment, in the attempt to determine the lowest effective dose for the individual patient.

scholarly journals Blood Micronutrient and Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in the Oldest-Old

2000 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 2260-2265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Ravaglia ◽  
Paola Forti ◽  
Fabiola Maioli ◽  
Barbara Nesi ◽  
Loredana Pratelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Elderly Age ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plasma Retinol ◽  
Age Range

Several micronutrients are involved in thyroid hormone metabolism, but it is unclear whether their marginal deficits may contribute to the alterations in thyroid function observed in extreme aging. The relationships among blood concentrations of thyroid hormones and selenium, zinc, retinol, and α-tocopherol were studied in 44 healthy Northern Italian oldest-old subjects (age range, 90–107 yr), selected by the criteria of the SENIEUR protocol. Control groups included 44 healthy adult (age range, 20–65 yr) and 44 SENIEUR elderly (age range, 65–89 yr) subjects. Oldest-old subjects had higher TSH (P < 0.01) and lower free T3 (FT3)/freeT4 (FT4) ratio, zinc, and selenium serum values (P < 0.001) than adult and elderly control subjects. No significant difference was found for plasma retinol and α-tocopherol values. The associations between micronutrients and thyroid hormones were evaluated by multivariate analysis. In oldest-old subjects, plasma retinol was negatively associated with FT4 (P = 0.019) and TSH serum levels (P = 0.040), whereas serum zinc was positively associated with serum FT3 (P = 0.010) and FT3/FT4 ratio (P = 0.011). In younger subjects, no significant association was found among thyroid variables and micronutrients. In conclusion, blood levels of specific micronutrients are associated with serum iodothyronine levels in extreme aging.

scholarly journals The course of ketosis and the activity of key enzymes of ketogenesis and ketone-body utilization during development of the postnatal rat

1971 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Lockwood ◽  
E. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzyme ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Development Activity ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Coa Transferase

1. The highest blood concentrations of ketone bodies were found at 5 days of age, after which time the concentration fell to reach the adult value by 30 days of age. 2. Both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase activities were detected, with highest activities being found in the mitochondria at all stages of development. Activity of the mitochondrial enzyme increases rapidly immediately after birth, showing a maximum at 15 days of age, thereafter falling to adult values. The cytoplasmic enzyme, on the other hand, increased steadily in activity after birth to reach a maximum at 40 days of age, after which time activity fell to adult values. 3. Both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic aceto-acetyl-CoA thiolase activities were detected, with the mitochondrial enzyme having considerably higher activities at all stages of development. The developmental patterns for both enzymes were very similar to those for the corresponding hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthases. 4. The activity of heart acetoacetyl-CoA transferase remains constant from late foetal life until the end of the suckling period, after which time there is a gradual threefold increase in activity to reach the adult values. The activity of brain 3-oxo acid CoA-transferase increases steadily after birth, reaching a maximum at 30 days of age, thereafter decreasing to adult values, which are similar to foetal activities. Although at all stages of development the specific activity of the heart enzyme is higher than that of brain, the total enzymic capacity of the brain is higher than that of the heart during the suckling period.

A RARE CASE MORTALITY OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS- CEREBRAL EDEMA WITH TONSILLAR HERNIATION- A CONTRADICTORY OPINION.IS SODIUM BICARBONATE A REAL CULPRIT?

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-10
Author(s):  
Sruthi P ◽  
Manzoor Sharieff M ◽  
Prasanth Kumar P ◽  
Vishnu priya V ◽  
Nagarajan N ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ◽  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Hydrogen Exchange ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Acetoacetic Acid ◽  
Tonsillar Herniation ◽  
Sodium Hydrogen ◽  
Uncontrolled Diabetes ◽  
Case Mortality

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the most common complication seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. DKA is most commonly seen with patients of type 1 diabetes. Depletion of Insulin leads to high blood sugars which in turn leads osmotic diuresis, production of ketone bodies i.e, βhydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid, dysregulation of sodium hydrogen exchange mechanism[2]. As a consequence to the above stated mechanisms, cerebral edema has been documented as a fatal complication in DKA. Mortality documented due to cerebral edema is 21-25%[4].

scholarly journals Gluconeogenesis in the cow. The effects of a glucocorticoid on hepatic intermediary metabolism

1970 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 865-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Baird ◽  
R. J. Heitzman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Tyrosine Aminotransferase ◽  
Aspartate Transaminase ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Glycolytic Intermediates ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Parallel Measurements

1. The hepatic concentrations of the ketone bodies and of metabolites and activities of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis were measured in healthy lactating and non-lactating cows 48h after administration of Voren, an ester of dexamethasone, and compared with those found in control animals given saline. Parallel measurements were also made of the blood concentrations of several of the metabolites. 2. Blood glucose concentrations were raised in the Voren-treated animals, whereas blood ketone body and free fatty acid concentrations were unaltered. Similarly there was no change in the hepatic concentrations of the ketone bodies. 3. Significant increases were found in the hepatic concentrations of citrate, 2-oxo-glutarate and malate in both groups of animals given Voren. 4. The hepatic concentrations of those glycolytic intermediates that were measured either decreased or did not change after Voren treatment. 5. The enzymes aspartate transaminase and fructose 1,6-diphosphatase were unchanged in activity after Voren administration, whereas phosphopyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.32) activity was depressed in the lactating group. However, glucose 6-phosphatase, tryptophan oxygenase and tyrosine aminotransferase increased in activity. 6. In several cases those hepatic metabolites that increased in concentration after Voren administration were present in lower concentration in normal lactating cows than in normal non-lactating cows. The same applied mutatis mutandis to those metabolites that were decreased by Voren. 7. These findings are discussed in relation to the use of glucocorticoids in the treatment of bovine ketosis.

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