Novel solid-phase assay of ketone bodies in urine

Abstract This simple dip-and-read color-matching assay measures ketone bodies in urine. The result is matched with any of the seven colors provided in a color chart. The intensity and hue of the color formed depends on the concentration of acetoacetic acid and follows a gradation starting from light purple (0.2 mol/L acetoacetate) to dark purple and finally to dark violet (9 mol/L). The color developed is independent of pH in the range pH 4-9.5, and is stable for at least 1 h. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid produced no color at the concentrations tested (less than or equal to 100 mmol/L), and acetone was detectable only when greater than or equal to 15 mmol/L. The test was compared with the Ames Ketostix assay in subjects who were on restricted-calorie weight-loss programs. The two methods showed good agreement, except that 20% (21/103) of samples that were negative by Ketostix were read as positive by the new method, which may be more sensitive (detection limit = 0.2 mmol/L). Measurement of urine ketones was unreliable (in comparison with measurement of blood or breath acetone) for monitoring the rate of fat loss during a negative calorie balance.

Download Full-text

Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of sheep. XVI. Partition of ketone bodies in blood, tissues, and urine

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9620307 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 307 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

RL Reid

Keyword(s):

Renal Clearance ◽

Blood Level ◽

Ketone Bodies ◽

Urine Flow ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Renal Tubules ◽

Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽

Acetoacetic Acid ◽

Tissue Concentrations ◽

Blood Concentrations

Acetone comprised 0–40% (average 18%) of the acetoacetic acid plus acetone fraction in sheep blood, in which the level of this fraction was 0.6–5.2 mg % (as acetone). Acetoacetic acid was largely converted to acetone during storage of blood at –20°C, with intermittent thawing for analysis. Concentrations of acetoacetic acid in red cells were similar to those in plasma, but those of ß-hydroxybutyric acid were considerably lower. In contrast to acetoacetic acid, ß-hydroxybutyric acid was virtually absent from foetal blood and from brain tissue. Concentrations of both ketone fractions in liver and muscle tissue were about one-half the blood concentrations. The renal clearance of acetoacetic acid plus acetone in hyperketonaemic pregnant ewes was independent of blood level up to 20 mg % and was little affected by rate of urine flow. Clearance values were in the range of 4–9 ml per min, which indicates that most of the acetoacetic acid filtered at the glomeruli is absorbed by the renal tubules. Renal clearance of ß-hydroxybutyric acid was dependent on blood level and was more affected by rate of urine flow than that of acetoacetic acid. Very little ß-hydroxybutyric acid appeared in the urine when blood levels were below 15 mg %. Clearance increased as blood concentration rose above this level, and reached maximum values, mostly of 3–5 ml per min, at blood levels exceeding 30 mg %.

Download Full-text

Blood Ketone Bodies and Breath Acetone Analysis and Their Correlations in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics9040224 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 224 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Valentine Saasa ◽

Mervyn Beukes ◽

Yolandy Lemmer ◽

Bonex Mwakikunga

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Ketone Bodies ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Breath Acetone ◽

Blood Ketone Bodies

Analysis of volatile organic compounds in the breath for disease detection and monitoring has gained momentum and clinical significance due to its rapid test results and non-invasiveness, especially for diabetes mellitus (DM). Studies have suggested that breath gases, including acetone, may be related to simultaneous blood glucose (BG) and blood ketone levels in adults with types 2 and 1 diabetes. Detecting altered concentrations of ketones in the breath, blood and urine may be crucial for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus. This study assesses the efficacy of a simple breath test as a non-invasive means of diabetes monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Human breath samples were collected in Tedlar™ bags and analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). The measurements were compared with capillary BG and blood ketone levels (β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) taken at the same time on a single visit to a routine hospital clinic in 30 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 28 control volunteers. Ketone bodies of diabetic subjects showed a significant increase when compared to the control subjects; however, the ketone levels were was controlled in both diabetic and non-diabetic volunteers. Worthy of note, a statistically significant relationship was found between breath acetone and blood acetoacetate (R = 0.89) and between breath acetone and β-hydroxybutyrate (R = 0.82).

Download Full-text

A Test Strip for Diamines in Tuna

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoac/82.5.1102 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 82 (5) ◽

pp. 1102-1108 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Margot Hall ◽

Paul A Sykes ◽

Diane L Fairclough ◽

Leonard J Lucchese ◽

Patricia Rogers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phosphate Buffer ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Amine Oxidase ◽

Test Strip ◽

Minimum Detectable Concentration ◽

Dipstick Test ◽

Fish Samples ◽

Detectable Concentration ◽

Solid Phase Assay ◽

Good Agreement

Abstract This study describes the production of a solid-phase assay (test strip/dipstick test) for putrescine and cadaverine in tuna based on the coupling of an amine oxidase to a peroxidase/dye system. The assay was linear to 75 μM in phosphate buffer, and the minimum detectable concentration was 0.5 μM (<0.1 ppm), corresponding to 0.01 mg% in spiked extracts. Intra- and interassay precisions were <20%. Test strips were stable at 4°C for at least 12 months. Lysine, ornithine, and histidine did not react with the assay, and histamine reacted only minimally. Sixteen fish samples were tested by test strip and the standard AOAC protocol, and results were in good agreement.

Download Full-text

THE DETERMINATION OF β-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID, ACETOACETIC ACID, AND ACETONE IN BLOOD

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(18)87311-2 ◽

1919 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Donald D. Van Slyke ◽

Reginald Fitz

Keyword(s):

Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽

Acetoacetic Acid

Download Full-text

A RARE CASE MORTALITY OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS- CEREBRAL EDEMA WITH TONSILLAR HERNIATION- A CONTRADICTORY OPINION.IS SODIUM BICARBONATE A REAL CULPRIT?

10.36106/1503265 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 8-10

Author(s):

Sruthi P ◽

Manzoor Sharieff M ◽

Prasanth Kumar P ◽

Vishnu priya V ◽

Nagarajan N ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ◽

Cerebral Edema ◽

Hydrogen Exchange ◽

Ketone Bodies ◽

Acetoacetic Acid ◽

Tonsillar Herniation ◽

Sodium Hydrogen ◽

Uncontrolled Diabetes ◽

Case Mortality

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the most common complication seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. DKA is most commonly seen with patients of type 1 diabetes. Depletion of Insulin leads to high blood sugars which in turn leads osmotic diuresis, production of ketone bodies i.e, βhydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid, dysregulation of sodium hydrogen exchange mechanism[2]. As a consequence to the above stated mechanisms, cerebral edema has been documented as a fatal complication in DKA. Mortality documented due to cerebral edema is 21-25%[4].

Download Full-text

Impact of sulfate on the solubility of Tc(IV) in acidic to hyperalkaline aqueous reducing systems

Radiochimica Acta ◽

10.1515/ract-2021-1044 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Sarah B. Duckworth ◽

Xavier Gaona ◽

Alexander Baumann ◽

Kathy Dardenne ◽

Jörg Rothe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid Phase ◽

Correction Factors ◽

Mixed Salt ◽

Ph Values ◽

Reducing Conditions ◽

Upper Limits ◽

Salt Systems ◽

Amorphous Character ◽

Good Agreement

Abstract The solubility of 99Tc(IV) was investigated from undersaturation conditions in NaCl–Na2SO4 (0.3 M ≤ I ≤ 5.0 M), MgCl2–MgSO4 (I = 13.5 M) and CaCl2–CaSO4 (I = 13.5 M) systems with 0.001 M ≤ [SO4 2−]tot ≤ 1.0 M and 1 ≤ pH m ≤ 12 (with pH m = −log[H+], in molal units). Reducing conditions were set by either Sn(II) or Fe(0). Special efforts were dedicated to accurately characterize the correction factors A m required for the determination of pH m from the experimentally measured pH values in the mixed salt systems investigated, with pH m = pHexp + A m . The combination of (pe + pH m ) measurements with Pourbaix diagrams of Tc suggests that technetium is present in its +IV redox state. This hypothesis is confirmed by XANES, which unambiguously shows the predominance of Tc(IV) both in the aqueous and solid phases of selected solubility samples. XRD and SEM–EDS support the amorphous character of the solid phase controlling the solubility of Tc(IV). EXAFS data confirm the predominance of TcO2(am, hyd) at pH m > 1.5, whereas the formation of a Tc(IV)–O–Cl solid phase is hinted at lower pHm values in concentrated NaCl–Na2SO4 systems with ≈5 M NaCl. Solubility data collected in sulfate-containing systems are generally in good agreement with previous solubility studies conducted in sulfate-free NaCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2 solutions of analogous ionic strength. Although the complexation of Tc(IV) with sulfate cannot be completely ruled out, these results strongly support that, if occurring, complexation must be weak and has no significant impact on the solubility of Tc(IV) in dilute up to highly saline media. Solubility upper-limits determined in this work can be used for source term estimations including the effect of sulfate in a variety of geochemical conditions relevant in the context of nuclear waste disposal.

Download Full-text

Thermal conductivity of unsaturated clay-rocks

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-14-91-2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 91-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

D. Jougnot ◽

A. Revil

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Porous Material ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Electrical Parameters ◽

New Model ◽

Unsaturated Clay ◽

Unsaturated Porous Material ◽

Clay Rocks ◽

Good Agreement

Abstract. The parameters used to describe the electrical conductivity of a porous material can be used to describe also its thermal conductivity. A new relationship is developed to connect the thermal conductivity of an unsaturated porous material to the thermal conductivity of the different phases of the composite, and two electrical parameters called the first and second Archie's exponents. A good agreement is obtained between the new model and thermal conductivity measurements performed using packs of glass beads and core samples of the Callovo-Oxfordian clay-rocks at different saturations of the water phase. We showed that the three model parameters optimised to fit the new model against experimental data (namely the thermal conductivity of the solid phase and the two Archie's exponents) are consistent with independent estimates. We also observed that the anisotropy of the effective thermal conductivity of the Callovo-Oxfordian clay-rock was mainly due to the anisotropy of the thermal conductivity of the solid phase.

Download Full-text

Guiding Ketogenic Diet with Breath Acetone Sensors

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18113655 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 3655 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Andreas T. Güntner ◽

Julia F. Kompalla ◽

Henning Landis ◽

S. Theodore ◽

Bettina Geidl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ketogenic Diet ◽

Standard Treatment ◽

Refractory Epilepsy ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Response Characteristics ◽

Si Doped ◽

Breath Acetone ◽

Relevant Range ◽

Good Agreement

Ketogenic diet (KD; high fat, low carb) is a standard treatment for obesity, neurological diseases (e.g., refractory epilepsy) and a promising method for athletes to improve their endurance performance. Therein, the level of ketosis must be regulated tightly to ensure an effective therapy. Here, we introduce a compact and inexpensive breath sensor to monitor ketosis online and non-invasively. The sensor consists of Si-doped WO3 nanoparticles that detect breath acetone selectively with non-linear response characteristics in the relevant range of 1 to 66 ppm, as identified by mass spectrometry. When tested on eleven subjects (five women and six men) undergoing a 36-h KD based on the Johns Hopkins protocol, this sensor clearly recognizes the onset and progression of ketosis. This is in good agreement to capillary blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) measurements. Despite similar dieting conditions, strong inter-subject differences in ketosis dynamics were observed and correctly identified by the sensor. These even included breath acetone patterns that could be linked to low tolerance to that diet. As a result, this portable breath sensor represents an easily applicable and reliable technology to monitor KD, possibly during medical treatment of epilepsy and weight loss.

Download Full-text