Corrigendum - Water content and water turnover in beef cattle

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
PH Springell
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Poor Diet ◽  
The Mean

Twenty-four steers, comprising British (Hereford and Hereford x Shorthorn), Zebu (Africander), and Zebu cross (British x Brahman or Africander) breeds, were either maintained on pasture, or yarded and fed on diets of a low and a high nutritional value. Tritiated water was injected into the animals on five occasions at intervals of 3 months. The body water content and the water turnover rate were calculated, and some of the sources of variation defined. Observed differences in the water content are attributable to nutritional factors rather than to breed differences. The mean body water content ranged from 615 to 809 ml/kg fasting body weight, where the higher values were associated with a poor diet. The mean half-life of tritiated water was lower in summer (as low as 58 hr) than in winter (up to 128 hr) in grazing and well-fed yarded steers. On a poor diet, however, the half-life in yarded cattle remained high and almost constant throughout the year, dropping to below 100 hr on only a single occasion. Occasionally the half-life was breed dependent, but generally no significant differences between breeds could be found. While mean turnover rates of up to 7.1 ml kg-1 hr-1 were found in better-fed cattle in summer, the value in poorly fed animals was almost constant throughout the year at about 3.3 ml kg-1 hr-1. There was, however, a winter minimum in the well-fed yarded and grazing groups. The turnover rate was also influenced by breed only to a limited extent. The results are interpreted in the light of their possible significance in the adaptation to a tropical environment, and in relation to their value in predicting the body composition.

Water content and water turnover in beef cattle

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
PH Springell
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Poor Diet ◽  
The Mean

Twenty-four steers, comprising British (Hereford and Hereford x Shorthorn), Zebu (Africander), and Zebu cross (British x Brahman or Africander) breeds, were either maintained on pasture, or yarded and fed on diets of a low and a high nutritional value. Tritiated water was injected into the animals on five occasions at intervals of 3 months. The body water content and the water turnover rate were calculated, and some of the sources of variation defined. Observed differences in the water content are attributable to nutritional factors rather than to breed differences. The mean body water content ranged from 615 to 809 ml/kg fasting body weight, where the higher values were associated with a poor diet. The mean half-life of tritiated water was lower in summer (as low as 58 hr) than in winter (up to 128 hr) in grazing and well-fed yarded steers. On a poor diet, however, the half-life in yarded cattle remained high and almost constant throughout the year, dropping to below 100 hr on only a single occasion. Occasionally the half-life was breed dependent, but generally no significant differences between breeds could be found. While mean turnover rates of up to 7.1 ml kg-1 hr-1 were found in better-fed cattle in summer, the value in poorly fed animals was almost constant throughout the year at about 3.3 ml kg-1 hr-1. There was, however, a winter minimum in the well-fed yarded and grazing groups. The turnover rate was also influenced by breed only to a limited extent. The results are interpreted in the light of their possible significance in the adaptation to a tropical environment, and in relation to their value in predicting the body composition.

Game domestication for animal production in Kenya: field studies of the body-water turnover of game and livestock

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. King
Keyword(s):  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dromedary Camel ◽  
African Buffalo ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover

SUMMARYField studies were made of tritiated water turnover, drinking water and dietary water intake throughout the year, in 212 animals of the following species: African buffalo, dromedary camel, zebu cow, eland, small East African goat, fringe-eared oryx, and Dorper sheep.There were significant differences (P< 0·005) in the water drunk and water turnover between species and between seasons. Furthermore the species (or season) differences were also significantly different (P< 0·005) for each season (or species). The lowest turnover rates were found in oryx, then camel, sheep, goat, eland, cow and buffalo, when expressed in ml/l0·82/day, which was the appropriate metabolic unit for these species.The restraints imposed by traditional African animal husbandry have drastically reduced the natural ability of eland to conserve body water but had much less effect on buffalo and oryx. The reason appears to be that eland is behaviourally adapted to a semi-arid environment, whereas a species like oryx is more physiologically adapted.

Game domestication for animal production in Kenya: prediction of water intake from tritiated water turnover

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. King ◽  
P. O. Nyamora ◽  
M. R. Stanley-Price ◽  
B. R. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
East African ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Water Space ◽  
Metabolic Water

SummaryFive male animals of each of the following species, zebu, eland, small East African goat, fringe-eared oryx and Dorper sheep, were penned, and their water intake measured and metabolic water production estimated. The figures for water input were compared with simultaneous measurements of body-water turnover by liquid scintillation counting of tritiated water in plasma, following dioxane precipitation. It was found that the resultant regression was sufficiently linear with the intercept near zero to justify the use of a ratio to predict input from turnover. The tritiated water turnover overestimated the water input by an amount approximately equal to the overestimate of the body water pool by the tritiated water space. Although there was a considerable amount of variation in individual ratios which could not be explained, there was no significant difference in the mean ratios between species.

Estimation of water content by tritium dilution of animals subjected to rapid live-weight changes

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. McManus ◽  
R. K. Prichard ◽  
Carolyn Baker ◽  
M. V. Petruchenia
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYThe use of tritiated water to estimate total body-water content of animals experiencing recovery from under-nutrition was studied.The time for equilibration of tritiated water (TOH), given intraperitoneally, with total body water (TBW) was determined in rabbits and in rats. As judged by the specific activity of blood water, equilibration had occurred by 76–125 min in the rabbit and did not appear to be affected by the plane of nutrition. However, between slaughter groups the specific activity of water obtained from the liver 180 min after injection of TOH was significantly different from the specific activity of water simultaneously obtained from the blood plasma. It is concluded that the liver is not a suitable tissue to use for testing achievement of equilibration.As judged by the specific activity of blood water compared to that of water from the whole body macerate, equilibration in mature rats either in stable body condition or undergoing rapid compensatory growth occurred in less than 60 min.A trial comparing TOH-space (corrected by 3% body weight) and actual TBW (by desiccation) was conducted on thirty rabbits which experienced under-nutrition followed by compensatory growth.Prior to under-nutrition the agreement between actual and estimated TBW was satisfactory and within 2·3%. During compensatory growth the agreement was poor— the TOH values over-estimating actual TBW by about 12%.A trial with mature rats confirmed the findings with rabbits. For rats in stable body weight the mean estimated TOH-space for fourteen animals was within 1·2% of the actual TBW. For fourteen rats undergoing compensatory growth the mean estimated TOH-space (corrected by 3% body weight) overestimated actual TBW by 6·2%.

Rates of Water Turnover in Marsupials and Eutherians: a Comparative Review With New Data on the Tasmanian Devil.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Tasmanian Devil ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Sarcophilus Harrisii

Water turnover rates of Tasmania devils, Sarcophilus harrisii, were measured under standardized conditions by use of tritiated water. Total body water of lactating females was lower than in non- lactating animals, while water turnover rates per kilogram were not significantly different, due to a higher rate constant for lactating animals. Mean water turnover rates were considerably higher than predicted from other marsupial studies. Statistical analysis of data from 13 species of marsupial and 27 eutherian species showed habitat to have a far greater effect on standard water turnover rate than phylogeny.

Regulation of Water and Some Ions in Gammarids (Amphipoda)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-355
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

1. The water content, and the concentrations of sodium potassium and chloride in the blood and body water were determined in Gammarus pulex acclimatized to external salinities ranging from 0.06 mM/l NaCl up to 50 % sea water. 2. The mean body water content remained constant at 79.0-80.3 % body wet weight. The total body sodium and chloride concentrations were lowered in 0.06 mM/l NaCl and increased markedly at salinities above 10% sea water. The normal ratio of body sodium/chloride was 1.45-1.70, decreasing to 1.0 at 50% sea water. 3. The total body potassium concentration remained constant at 47.5-55.2 mM/kg body H2O. The rate of potassium loss across the body surface was relatively fast. Potassium balance was maintained at an external potassium concentration of 0.005 mM/l by starved animals, and at 0.005 mM/l by fed animals. 4. The proportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the concentrations of potassium and chloride in the blood and in the body water. The blood space contained 38-42% body H2O in animals from fresh water. The blood space decreased to 31 % body H2O in animals from 0.06 mM/l NaCl. The sodium space was equivalent to about 70 % body H2O. 5. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were estimated and the results were compared with previous analyses made on the tissues of G. pulex and other crustaceans. It was concluded that in G. pulex from fresh water the distribution of potassium and chloride ions between the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space approximately conforms to a Donnan equilibrium. 30-40% of the body sodium is apparently located in the intracellular space.

Tritiated water for estimating total body water and water turnover rate in birds

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1183-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Degen ◽  
B. Pinshow ◽  
P. U. Alkon ◽  
H. Arnon
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Chukar Partridges

The use of tritiated water (TOH) to estimate total body water (TBW) and total water turnover rate was validated in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) and sand partridges (Ammoperdix heyi). For six chukar partridges weighing between 315 to 475 g, TOH equilibration with body fluids was less than 45 min after intramuscular or intravenous injections. Mean TOH space in eight chukar partridges was 99.8% of the mean TBW measured by desiccation with individuals ranging between 97.9 and 103.2%. TOH space best approximated TBW when TBW was calculated by using the mean body mass for a bird weighed at TOH injection and at TOH equilibration. Total water intake as estimated by TOH ranged between 90.7 and 113.3% of measured water intake in three sand and three chukar partridges, birds ranging in mass from 145 to 446 g. We conclude that the TOH method provides accurate estimations of TBW and water turnover rates in birds. For birds of up to 500-g body mass, we recommend 45 min for TOH equilibration with body fluids, and intramuscular injections of 0.05 muCi TOH/g body mass for TBW estimations and 0.1 muCi TOH/g body mass for water turnover estimations.

scholarly journals Patterns of Granulocyte Kinetics in Health, Infection and in Carcinoma

Blood ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER R. GALBRAITH ◽  
LESLIE S. VALBERG ◽  
MALCOLM BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Blood Granulocyte

Abstract Leukokinetic studies were performed using granulocytes labeled in vitro with radioactive diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP32). The half-time of the granulocytes in the circulation, blood granulocyte mass and granulocyte turnover rates were determined. In control subjects the mean half-life was 6.44 hours with a range of 5.1 to 7.7 hours. The mean blood granulocyte mass was 38 x 109 cells with a range of 19.9 to 36.4 x 109 cells and the granulocyte turnover rate was 4.08 x 109 cells per hour with a range of 2.51 to 5.50 x 109 cells per hour. There was a direct relationship between the half-life and the blood granulocyte mass in the control subjects. In 6 subjects with infection the blood granulocyte mass was uniformly increased. The mean half-life and mean granulocyte turnover rate were both increased above the normal range. In 11 subjects with carcinoma several different leukokinetic patterns were found. The blood granulocyte mass was raised in 5 patients, but in only one of these was the granulocyte turnover rate increased above the normal range. In 6 subjects the blood granulocyte mass was within the normal range and deviations from the mean control value were accompanied by proportionate changes in the granulocyte turnover rate in all but 1 patient. No relation was found between the half-life and the blood granulocyte mass in subjects with infection and/or carcinoma. The possibility that this was due to the establishment of a new steady state of blood granulocyte mass at altered levels of granulocyte production, or that steady state conditions did not exist has been considered. However the data are interpreted no evidence for suppressed granulopoiesis was found in subjects with advanced malignant disease.

Water content, water turnover, and water half-life during cold acclimation in the rhesus monkey

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
IB R. Oddershede ◽  
Reynaldo S. Elizondo
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Biological Half Life

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cold acclimation on the dynamics of body water in primates. Six male rhesus monkeys were acclimated for 35 days at 6 °C. Water turnover rate (WTR), biological half-life (t1/23H2O), and total body water (TBW) were estimated by the tritium dilution method. A reduced water intake during the 1st week of cold acclimation was associated with a decrease in water balance (total water input minus WTR). Both drinking and total water input were decreased throughout the cold exposure. WTR was significantly decreased during the last 3 weeks of cold exposure in spite of an increased caloric consumption, which, in a thermoneutral environment, generally is associated with an increased WTR. Biological half-life for tritium showed a significant average increase during the cold stress. TBW in relation to body weight was increased during the first 2 weeks of cold exposure and had decreased to its lowest level by day 22. Calculations of TBW were independent of whether the radioactive decay curve was obtained over short (minutes) or long (days) time intervals and independent of the degree of acclimation. The major adjustments in water content and water metabolism occurred within 2 weeks of continuous cold exposure at 6 °C. The data suggest that the rhesus monkey may be an adequate primate model for studies of body fluid adjustments induced by chronic cold exposure in primates in general, including man.

The accuracy of tritiated water turnover rate as an estimate of milk intake in lambs

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove ◽  
M Freer
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Water Pool ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Size Correction ◽  
Source Of Error

The accuracy of water turnover measurement as an estimate of milk intake was evaluated, with special reference to the validity of the assumptions underlying the technique. Even when milk was the only source of water for penned lambs, water turnover measurement significantly underestimated known milk intake. The underestimates were greater over longer measurement periods. It is suggested that these underestimates occurred because changes in body water pool size were not considered in the calculation of water turnover, since estimates were improved by the incorporation of a pool size correction. In a second pen trial, it was demonstrated that the inhalation of vapour from tritiated water excreted by other lambs was not a source of error in the estimation of water turnover. .In a field trial, the turnover technique was successfully employed to estimate milk intake in the first 3–4 weeks of life. A method for accommodating changes in pool size is presented, and it is suggested that the effects of pool size changes on the accuracy of the estimate of milk intake are too large to be ignored. In later weeks of the experiment, it was obvious that lambs were consuming water in forms other than milk, so that milk intake estimates were inaccurate. .It is concluded that in animals consuming only milk, measurement of tritiated water turnover provides an accurate estimate of milk intake, but only if changes in body water pool size are taken into account.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document