The regions of infestation of wool by Noogoora burr (Xanthium strumarium), their climates and the biological control of the weed

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Wapshere
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pyralid Moth

The distribution in Australia of a vegetable fault in wool caused by Noogoora burr, Xanthium stumarium, is outlined. The climates of the region in Australia where the burr produces maximum contamination of wool and where it is of the greatest economic importance are compared with the climates of North America (Texas) and the Indian subcontinent (New Delhi) from where the cerambycids, Mecas saturnina and Nupserha vexator, have been introduced respectively as biological control agents for the weed. The comparisons suggest that neither agent is climatically pre-adapted to the region in Australia where Noogoora burr has the greatest economic importance. On the other hand, a pyralid moth, Oeobia vevbascalis, from Pakistan is well adapted to the climates of the regions affected.

Notes on Insects, Especially Gymnaetron spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Associated with Toadflax, Liniaria vulgaris Mill. (Scrophulariaceae), in North America

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Morris Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Linaria Vulgaris ◽  
Canadian Provinces

Linaria vulgaris Mill., known commonly as toadflax or butter-and-eggs, is worldwide in its distribution but is a serious weed only in the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Zilke and Coupland, 1954), where it is increasing in importance (Beck, 1954; Carder, 1956; Forbes, 1957). Smith (1956) correlated its relative insignificance as a weed in the other provinces and in the northwestern United States with the occurrence of the curculionid beetle Gylmnaetron antirrhini (Payk.). Investigations on this and other insects that feed on toadflax and an evaluation of their possible use as biological control agents are reported in this paper; also included are some observations on the weedand its natural enemies made since 1950 in all provinces west of Quebec and in the northwestern United States.

Yellow Brazilian Pepper-tree Leaf Galler (suggested common name) Calophya latiforceps Burckhardt (Insecta: Hemiptera: Calophyidae: Calophyinae)

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Cuda ◽  
Patricia Prade ◽  
Carey R. Minteer-Killian
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Pepper Tree ◽  
Brazilian Pepper ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Tree Leaf

In the late 1970s, Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), was targeted for classical biological control in Florida because its invasive properties (see Host Plants) are consistent with escape from natural enemies (Williams 1954), and there are no native Schinus spp. in North America. The lack of native close relatives should minimize the risk of damage to non-target plants from introduced biological control agents (Pemberton 2000). [...]

scholarly journals The influence of two wildfires and biological control agents on the population dynamics of Melaleuca quinquenervia in a seasonally inundated wetland

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Philip W. Tipping ◽  
Melissa R. Martin ◽  
Jeremiah R. Foley ◽  
Ryan M. Pierce ◽  
Lyn A. Gettys
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Seed Rain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Melaleuca Quinquenervia ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Sapling Growth

AbstractThe potential of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake to reinvade cleared areas was evaluated over a 13-yr period that included two wildfires and the introduction of biological control agents. The first wildfire occurred in 1998 and was followed by a mean of 591.5 recruited seedlings m−2. Recruits from that fire were cleared 7 yr later in July 2005 for a second experiment to evaluate seedling recruitment into cleared areas. Seed rain, seedling recruitment and mortality, and sapling growth rates were measured in four plots located around individual large reproductive trees. A second natural wildfire in 2007 burned through those plots, leading to increases in seed rain followed by a pulse in recruitment of 21.04 seedlings m−2, 96.5% fewer than after the 1998 fire. Recruits in half of the plots around each tree were then treated with regular applications of an insecticide to restrict herbivory by biological control agents, while herbivory was not restricted in the other half. There was no difference in seedling mortality between treatments 1,083 d post-fire (2007) with 96.6% seedling mortality in the unrestricted herbivory treatment and 89.4% mortality in the restricted herbivory treatment. Recruits subjected to the restricted herbivory treatment grew taller than those in the unrestricted herbivory treatment, 101.3 cm versus 37.4 cm. Many of the recruits were attacked by the biological control agents, which slowed their growth. Although solitary M. quinquenervia trees retain some capacity to reinvade areas under specific circumstances, there was a downward trend in their overall invasiveness at this site, with progressively smaller recruitment cohorts due to biological control agents. Land managers should prioritize removing large reproductive trees over treating recently recruited populations, which can be left for many years for the biological control agents to suppress before any additional treatment would be needed.

Notes on two Locusts of minor economic Importance in the Sudan

1932 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Economic Importance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mutual Independence ◽  
Gregarious Locusts ◽  
Distinguishing Character

The so-called short-horned locusts are frequently, for convenience sake, regarded as comprising two classes: the true locusts (Arabic: Girad) and the short-horned grasshoppers (Arabic : Gabura). It is difficult, however, to find definitions of these classes by means of which every species may be correctly assigned to its true place. The swarming habits of the true locust are often cited as connoting this class only, involving, as these habits do, the periodical appearance of excessive numbers of both hoppers and adults. Moreover the true locust is gregarious, in that the hoppers move in bands from one place to another, and the adults fly in vast swarms often over long distances. The fact that the grasshoppers are solitary in habit and manifest mutual independence of action is often taken as their chief distinguishing character. There is no doubt that these features do partly separate these two classes of insects from each other, but there are certain species which appear to occupy a position intermediate between the two. One normally solitary may, in certain circumstances, multiply rapidly and give rise to hoppers, which in certain respects act like those true locusts. Moreover the winged adults may undertake short massed flights resembling the migrations of swarms. On the other hand the fact, now fully established, that most true gregarious locusts have their solitary forms, which never associate, places even them in this respect with the grasshoppers.

scholarly journals Taxonomic revision of the Campoplex difformis group (Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae), with particular reference to species of economic importance

2021 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Di Giovanni ◽  
Pier Luigi Scaramozzino ◽  
Augusto Loni ◽  
Andrea Lucchi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Host Record ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Closely Related Species

Despite their importance as potential biological control agents, species of the campoplegine genus Campoplex Gravenhorst, 1829 are hard to identify. Previous works provided short descriptions or poor illustrations of crucial characters, meaning it is often impossible to distinguish closely related species. We provide illustrations to identify species of the Campoplex difformis group and redescriptions of and illustrations for C. difformis (Gmelin, 1790), C. capitator Aubert, 1960, C. dubitator Horstmann, 1985, C. formosanae Horstmann, 2012, and C. unicingulatus (Schmiedeknecht, 1909). In addition, the taxonomic status of C. difformis is clarified; a lectotype is designated for C. capitator in Aubert’s collection in Lausanne and the host record for this species on Ancylis mitterbacheriana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) is queried; Campoplex corsicator Aubert, 1960 stat. nov. is removed from synonymy with Campoplex tibialis (Szépligeti, 1916) and redescribed.

scholarly journals Effect of Density and Lethargy Duration in Prerelease Packaging of the Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Parasitoid, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Cancino ◽  
Rubén Leal-Mubarqui ◽  
Roberto Angulo ◽  
Cesar Pérez ◽  
Lucy Tirado
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Great Utility ◽  
Diachasmimorpha Longicaudata ◽  
Flight Capacity ◽  
Fruit Fly Parasitoids

Abstract Different densities prerelease packing and times of lethargy in the fruit fly parasitoids Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) were evaluated in order to standardize the process of chilled insect technique for this species. Adults were kept at densities of 0.048, 0.072, 0.096, 0.120, and 0.144 parasitoids/cm2 before release in a México tower, where thermal lethargy was induced at a temperature of 2 ± 2°C for 45 min. Samples of parasitoids were collected to evaluate mortality, survival, fecundity, and flight capacity. All densities showed a similar mortality, both for males (ca. >10%) and females (ca. <7). There was no effect of density on survival and flight capacity in both sexes. On the other hand, fecundity increased with density, 1.66 sons/♀/day, similar to the control. We conclude that a density of 30,000 pupae per cage (0.144 parasitoids/cm2) is adequate for the massive prerelease packaging of the parasitoid D. longicaudata. Regarding the thermal lethargy period, 180 min under 2 ± 2°C conditions, considered as time for management, does not affect the survival, fecundity, and flight capacity of adults. The results obtained are of great utility to establish prerelease packaging parameters for D. longicaudata used in the biological control of Tephritidae fruit fly populations.

scholarly journals Compatibility of Trichoderma isolates with pesticides used in lettuce crop

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micaele Aparecida Franco da Silva ◽  
Karina Elaine de Moura ◽  
Kamila Ellen de Moura ◽  
Denise Salomão ◽  
Flávia Rodrigues Alves Patricio
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Lettuce Drop ◽  
Trichoderma Isolates

ABSTRACT Lettuce drop, caused by Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum, is one of the most important diseases that affect lettuce crop in Brazil. In previous studies, isolates of Trichoderma asperellum (IBLF 897, IBLF 904 and IBLF 914) and T. asperelloides (IBLF 908) were selected for the biocontrol of this disease. In this subsequent study, the compatibility of these isolates with pesticides used in lettuce crop in Brazil was evaluated. Initially, the mycelial growth of isolates was evaluated in culture medium plus pesticides. Then, the effect of pesticides on the parasitism of T. asperelloides isolate IBLF 914 in baits and sclerotia of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum, as well as on the survival of lettuce seedlings, was evaluated in gerboxes after application on baits and sclerotia of the antagonist with pesticides at their respective commercial doses. The fungicides pencycuron and mandipropamid and the insecticide imidacloprid did not affect the mycelial growth of Trichoderma isolates. The fungicide iprodione did not affect the mycelial growth of T. asperellum isolates. but the isolate of T. asperelloides was sensitive from the concentration of 10 µg.L-1 fungicide. Procymidone reduced the mycelial growth of Trichoderma isolates from the concentration of 10 µg.L-1 fungicide, and azoxystrobin reduced the conidial germination of the isolates of the antagonist, showing LD50 between 0.36 and 0.42 µg.L-1 fungicide. On the other hand, in the experiment carried out in “gerboxes”, none of the pesticides reduced the parasitism of baits and sclerotia or reduced the control of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum in lettuce seedlings. Results indicate that the biological control of lettuce drop with T. asperelum isolate IBLF 914 can be compatible with the remaining phytosanitary treatments used in lettuce crop.

scholarly journals Temporal Asynchrony of Adult Emergence Between Leucopis argenticollis and Leucopis piniperda (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), Predators of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), with Implications for Biological Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 823-828
Author(s):  
Alex N Neidermeier ◽  
Darrell W Ross ◽  
Nathan P Havill ◽  
Kimberly F Wallin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
The Pacific

Abstract Two species of silver fly, Leucopis argenticollis (Zetterstedt) and Leucopis piniperda (Malloch) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), from the Pacific Northwest region of North America have been identified as potential biological control agents of hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae: Adelges tsugae Annand) in eastern North America. The two predators are collectively synchronized with A. tsugae development. To determine whether adult emergence of the two species of silver fly are also synchronized with one another, we collected adult Leucopis which emerged from A. tsugae-infested western hemlock [Pinaceae: Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.] from four sites in the Pacific Northwest over a 29-d period. Specimens were collected twice daily in the laboratory and identified to species using DNA barcoding. The study found that more adult Leucopis were collected in the evening than the morning. Additionally, the daily emergences of adults over the 29-d sampling period exhibited sinusoidal-like fluctuations of peak abundance of each species, lending evidence to a pattern of temporal partitioning. This pattern could have logistical implications for their use as biological control agents in eastern North America, namely the need to release both species for maximum efficacy in decreasing A. tsugae populations.

A review of the gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Indonesia: taxonomy, biology and adult key to genera

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4847 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-82
Author(s):  
PETER KOLESIK ◽  
RAYMOND J. GAGNÉ
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Gall Midges ◽  
Senior Synonym ◽  
Species Type ◽  
Basic Biology ◽  
Type Data

Forty-seven species in 25 genera of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Cecidomyiinae) known from Indonesia are reviewed. Available historic types were examined, and taxa are revised. Leefmansiella Kolesik & Gagné gen. nov. is erected for Trishormomyia pandani Felt. Actilasioptera falcaria (Felt) is found to be a senior synonym of Actilasioptera tumidifolium Gagné. Apoasphondylia orientalis Felt is transferred to Bruggmanniella Tavares, new combination; Asphondylia bursaria Felt is changed to Bruggmanniella, new combination; Contarinia eragrostidis Felt to Stenodiplosis Reuter, new combination; the Australian Contarinia brevipalpis Harris to Stenodiplosis, new combination; Dasyneura tetrastigma Felt to Gephyraulus Rübsaamen, new combination; and the Philippine Itonida paederiae Felt to Eucalyptodiplosis Kolesik, new combination. For each species, type data, a description, the basic biology and the known geographical distribution are given. A key to Cecidomyiidae genera based on adults, with references to described species, is provided. Species of economic importance, as pests of cultivated plants or biological control agents of weeds and pest arthropods, are listed. 

scholarly journals Contribution to identify the causal gents of Dutch elm disease in the Czech Republic

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 142-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dvořák ◽  
M. Tomšovský ◽  
L. Jankovský ◽  
D. Novotný
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
North America ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Ophiostoma Ulmi ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Subspecies Level ◽  
First Time

This study provides new data on Dutch elm disease in the Czech Republic. <I>Ophiostoma novo-ulmi</I> is reported for the first time in the area of the Czech Republic, as well as both subspecies ssp. <I>novo-ulmi</I> (indigenous in the area of the Ukraine and Moldavia), and ssp. <I>Americana</I> indigenous in North America. The majority of the recorded strains belonged to <I>O. n.-u.</I> ssp. <I>novo-ulmi</I>, while <I>O. n.-u.</I> ssp. <I>Americana</I> and hybrids of these two subspecies were found less frequently. On the other hand, <I>Ophiostoma ulmi</I> was not found at all in the investigated samples. Identification on the subspecies level was performed by methods of molecular biology, i.e. PCR and RFLP of gene regions<I> cu</I> and <I>col1</I>.

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