scholarly journals Effect of Density and Lethargy Duration in Prerelease Packaging of the Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Parasitoid, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Cancino ◽  
Rubén Leal-Mubarqui ◽  
Roberto Angulo ◽  
Cesar Pérez ◽  
Lucy Tirado
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Great Utility ◽  
Diachasmimorpha Longicaudata ◽  
Flight Capacity ◽  
Fruit Fly Parasitoids

Abstract Different densities prerelease packing and times of lethargy in the fruit fly parasitoids Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) were evaluated in order to standardize the process of chilled insect technique for this species. Adults were kept at densities of 0.048, 0.072, 0.096, 0.120, and 0.144 parasitoids/cm2 before release in a México tower, where thermal lethargy was induced at a temperature of 2 ± 2°C for 45 min. Samples of parasitoids were collected to evaluate mortality, survival, fecundity, and flight capacity. All densities showed a similar mortality, both for males (ca. >10%) and females (ca. <7). There was no effect of density on survival and flight capacity in both sexes. On the other hand, fecundity increased with density, 1.66 sons/♀/day, similar to the control. We conclude that a density of 30,000 pupae per cage (0.144 parasitoids/cm2) is adequate for the massive prerelease packaging of the parasitoid D. longicaudata. Regarding the thermal lethargy period, 180 min under 2 ± 2°C conditions, considered as time for management, does not affect the survival, fecundity, and flight capacity of adults. The results obtained are of great utility to establish prerelease packaging parameters for D. longicaudata used in the biological control of Tephritidae fruit fly populations.

scholarly journals Compatibility of Trichoderma isolates with pesticides used in lettuce crop

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micaele Aparecida Franco da Silva ◽  
Karina Elaine de Moura ◽  
Kamila Ellen de Moura ◽  
Denise Salomão ◽  
Flávia Rodrigues Alves Patricio
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Lettuce Drop ◽  
Trichoderma Isolates

ABSTRACT Lettuce drop, caused by Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum, is one of the most important diseases that affect lettuce crop in Brazil. In previous studies, isolates of Trichoderma asperellum (IBLF 897, IBLF 904 and IBLF 914) and T. asperelloides (IBLF 908) were selected for the biocontrol of this disease. In this subsequent study, the compatibility of these isolates with pesticides used in lettuce crop in Brazil was evaluated. Initially, the mycelial growth of isolates was evaluated in culture medium plus pesticides. Then, the effect of pesticides on the parasitism of T. asperelloides isolate IBLF 914 in baits and sclerotia of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum, as well as on the survival of lettuce seedlings, was evaluated in gerboxes after application on baits and sclerotia of the antagonist with pesticides at their respective commercial doses. The fungicides pencycuron and mandipropamid and the insecticide imidacloprid did not affect the mycelial growth of Trichoderma isolates. The fungicide iprodione did not affect the mycelial growth of T. asperellum isolates. but the isolate of T. asperelloides was sensitive from the concentration of 10 µg.L-1 fungicide. Procymidone reduced the mycelial growth of Trichoderma isolates from the concentration of 10 µg.L-1 fungicide, and azoxystrobin reduced the conidial germination of the isolates of the antagonist, showing LD50 between 0.36 and 0.42 µg.L-1 fungicide. On the other hand, in the experiment carried out in “gerboxes”, none of the pesticides reduced the parasitism of baits and sclerotia or reduced the control of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum in lettuce seedlings. Results indicate that the biological control of lettuce drop with T. asperelum isolate IBLF 914 can be compatible with the remaining phytosanitary treatments used in lettuce crop.

scholarly journals Spondias mombin as a reservoir of fruit fly parasitoid populations in the Eastern Amazon: an undervalued ecosystem service

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11530
Author(s):  
Maria do Socorro Miranda de Sousa ◽  
Ezequiel de Deus ◽  
Adilson Lopes Lima ◽  
Cristiane Ramos de Jesus ◽  
Salustiano Vilar da Costa Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Spondias Mombin ◽  
Fruit Fly Parasitoids

Fruit flies are economically important pests that infest a wide variety of host trees. The environmental damage caused by traditional pesticide-based control methods has prompted scientists to seek less damaging alternatives such as biological control by native species. Parasitoids, especially Braconidae species, have excellent potential as biological control agents for fruit flies, being both generalists and well distributed geographically. Native fruit trees that support medium or high levels of these parasitoids could therefore play an important role in biological control strategies. A good potential example is Spondias mombin L. in the Brazilian Amazon, which hosts several species of fruit flies and associated parasitoids. Here, we provide a unique synthesis of over nearly two decades of data from the east Amazon, clearly demonstrating the potential of S. mombin to act as a source and reservoir of fruit fly parasitoids. This important ecosystem service (biological control) provided by the parasitoids and supported by S. mombin could be further enhanced through conservation of this plant species in its natural environment.

Diseño y Elaboración de un Diccionario Sanitario Trilingüe en Línea (Español-Rumano-Inglés)

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 150-158
Author(s):  
Liliana Ilie
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Multicultural Society ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
Medical Terms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Great Utility ◽  
Paper Format

Resumen: Debido a las nuevas necesidades que tiene la actual sociedad multicultural española y a la falta de recursos lingüísticos en ciertas lenguas  minoritarias, a través del presente proyecto se propone dar un paso adelante y crear el diseño y el modelo de lo que podría llegar a ser un diccionario trilingüe de términos sanitarios en línea. Como la sanidad es un factor importante en la vida de cada individuo y del que depende el desarrollo de una sociedad, se considera abordar la temática de la sanidad en relación con los pacientes extranjeros de origen rumano. Por otro lado, la gran expansión y utilidad del internet influye en la elección de la variante de un diccionario en línea. Consideramos que los beneficios de un diccionario de estas características son mayores que los de un diccionario en formato papel. Abstract: Due to the new needs of the current Spanish multicultural society and to the lack of linguistic resources in certain minority languages, through this project we aim to take a step further and create the design and model of what could become an online trilingual dictionary of medical terms. As health is a very important factor in the life of every individual and since the development of a society depends on it, we considered addressing the issue of health in relation to foreign patients of Romanian origin. On the other hand, the great utility of the internet and its huge expansion influences the choice of an online dictionary. We believe that the benefits of such a dictionary outweigh the ones of a dictionary in paper format.

The regions of infestation of wool by Noogoora burr (Xanthium strumarium), their climates and the biological control of the weed

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Wapshere
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pyralid Moth

The distribution in Australia of a vegetable fault in wool caused by Noogoora burr, Xanthium stumarium, is outlined. The climates of the region in Australia where the burr produces maximum contamination of wool and where it is of the greatest economic importance are compared with the climates of North America (Texas) and the Indian subcontinent (New Delhi) from where the cerambycids, Mecas saturnina and Nupserha vexator, have been introduced respectively as biological control agents for the weed. The comparisons suggest that neither agent is climatically pre-adapted to the region in Australia where Noogoora burr has the greatest economic importance. On the other hand, a pyralid moth, Oeobia vevbascalis, from Pakistan is well adapted to the climates of the regions affected.

Newly imported larval parasitoids pose minimal competitive risk to extant egg–larval parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies in Hawaii

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.G. Wang ◽  
R.H. Messing
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Fopius Arisanus ◽  
Larval Parasitoids ◽  
Larval Parasitoid ◽  
Fruit Fly Parasitoids ◽  
Psyttalia Concolor ◽  
Tephritid Fruit Flies

AbstractCompetitive displacement of fruit fly parasitoids has been a serious issue in the history of fruit fly biological control in Hawaii. This concern regarding competitive risk of new parasitoids has led to an overall tightening of regulations against the use of classical biological control to manage fruit flies. Fopius arisanus (Sonan), an egg–larval parasitoid, is the most effective natural enemy of tephritid fruit flies in Hawaii. This study evaluated the competitive risk of two recently introduced larval parasitoids, Diachasmimorpha kraussii Fullaway and Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti), to F. arisanus attacking the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Fopius arisanus won almost all intrinsic competitions against both larval parasitoids through physiological suppression of egg development. 83.3% of D. kraussii eggs and 80.2% of P. concolor eggs were killed within three days in the presence of F. arisanus larvae within the bodies of multi-parasitized hosts. The mechanism that F. arisanus employs to eliminate both larval parasitoids is similar to that it uses against three other early established larval fruit fly parasitoids: F. vandenboschi (Fullaway), D. longicaudata (Ashmead) and D. tryoni (Cameron). It suggests that introduction of these larval parasitoids poses minimal competitive risk to F. arisanus in Hawaii.

scholarly journals Fungi against insects and contrariwise as biological control models

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Waill A. Elkhateeb ◽  
Kareem M. Mousa ◽  
Marwa O. ELnahas ◽  
Ghoson M. Daba
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Control Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Host Insect ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biological Control Of Insects

Abstract Background Biological control of insects is the current goal of modern researches to avoid using the harmful chemicals. Some fungi are capable of infecting and killing insects and, hence, are commonly known as entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). On the other hand, some insects can kill harmful fungal strains using their products such as peptides. Hence, the aim of this review article is to highlight the use of EPF as biocontrol tools against each other. Results EPF are generally characterized by having a wide range of hosts which made them the perfect candidate for biological control missions. They are existing in abundance in the environment and involved in plenty of environmental interactions. They have prestigious enzymatic machinery and toxins that contribute as killing tools. Moreover, after penetrating the insect, the expanded vegetative growth of hyphal bodies enabling the invasion of the fungi throughout the entire tissues of host insect cause physic, histolytic, and pathologic changes ultimately leading to the death of the host insect. On the other hand, some insects can kill harmful fungal strains using their secreted products such as peptides. Conclusion In this review, the use of fungi and insects as biological control agents against each other was described. Furthermore, the history of using EPF for this purpose, their killing mechanism, host range, and the factors affecting EPF virulence were highlighted. Moreover, the role of insect’s immunology and some insect’s products as antifungal agents was presented focusing on peptides with biological activities against fungi. Finally, future prospects concerning the use of insects and fungi in biological control process were discussed.

scholarly journals Applying Rigor to Agile Research and Innovation Projects Guided by Product Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Tejero ◽  
Gonzalo León
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Method ◽  
Scientific Quality ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Great Utility ◽  
Innovation Projects ◽  
The One

This article, as a main contribution, shows a new agile way to manage and monitor R&I projects, by monitoring product development. In addition, a new way of calculating the rigor of this type of projects is presented using the “3D rigor method”, based on obtaining the rigor measures of the product, process and reputation of the project researchers. Thanks to this new method, it is possible to know the rigor of an R&I project at any time during its development, which enables its monitoring and management to adapt it to the interests and needs of each situation. On the one hand, this method is presented as a tool of great utility for new researchers, since it will allow them to guide the development of their R&I project in an agile way, adjusted to the speed of the current times, while maintaining minimum levels of rigor and scientific quality. On the other hand, the method is highly recommended for all those organizations that promote and support the development of new R&I projects, enabling them to mentor and guide the projects towards the achievement of specific objectives and viable projects.

scholarly journals PENETUAN ALE DAN AE LARVA LEPIDIOTA STIGMA F PADA TANAMAN TEBU

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alimin, Edhi Martono, dan Witjaksono
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Injury Level ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Economic Injury ◽  
Weight Proportion

This research was conducted to determine the value of Economic Injury Level (EIL) and Economic Threshold (ET) for the larvae of Lepidiota stigma instar 1, 2 and 3 in three different locations. The amount of larvae population and plant per m2 in the field, and the weight proportion of the vanished root or to-be-eaten by a larva were needed to determine the loss of result per m2 data on the maximum harvest outcome and the harvest outcome in the field per m2. The highest proportion value of the outcome loss per m2 based on the Walker Model, which has been modified on biological control with Nematode Entomo Patogen (NEP) Steinernema spp. combined with light trap, was in Tempel Sari, i.e. larvae instar 1 (0.0108), instar 2 (0.0174), and instar 3 (0.0221). The lowest value was in Grenjeng, i.e. larvae instar 1 (0.0048), instar 2 (0.0078), and instar 3 (0.0099). There were significant differences among the three instars, where the consumption greediness of instar 3 is higher than instar 1 and 2, so the proportion value of the outcome loss per m2 of larvae instar 3 in the respective locations was higher than that of the two other instars. Determination of EIL value based on the Bode & Calvin Models gave the highest EIL value in Grenjengwith larvae instar 1 in the amount of 15.50 with ET value 12.40, instar 2 in the amount of 9.59 with ET value 7.67, and instar 3 in the amount of 7.54 with ET value 6.03. On the other hand, the lowest EIL value was found in Tempel Sari, with larvae instar 1 in the amount of 6.97 with ET value 5.58, instar 2 in the amount of 4.31 with ET value 3.45, and instar 3 in the amount of 3.39 with ET value 2.71. 

scholarly journals Mechanisms of ovipositor insertion and steering of a parasitic wasp

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (37) ◽  
pp. E7822-E7831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uroš Cerkvenik ◽  
Bram van de Straat ◽  
Sander W. S. Gussekloo ◽  
Johan L. van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Distal Part ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soft Substrate ◽  
Probing Behavior ◽  
Diachasmimorpha Longicaudata ◽  
Solid Substrates ◽  
Damage Avoidance

Drilling into solid substrates with slender beam-like structures is a mechanical challenge, but is regularly done by female parasitic wasps. The wasp inserts her ovipositor into solid substrates to deposit eggs in hosts, and even seems capable of steering the ovipositor while drilling. The ovipositor generally consists of three longitudinally connected valves that can slide along each other. Alternative valve movements have been hypothesized to be involved in ovipositor damage avoidance and steering during drilling. However, none of the hypotheses have been tested in vivo. We used 3D and 2D motion analysis to quantify the probing behavior of the fruit-fly parasitoidDiachasmimorpha longicaudata(Braconidae) at the levels of the ovipositor and its individual valves. We show that the wasps can steer and curve their ovipositors in any direction relative to their body axis. In a soft substrate, the ovipositors can be inserted without reciprocal motion of the valves. In a stiff substrate, such motions were always observed. This is in agreement with the damage avoidance hypothesis of insertion, as they presumably limit the overall net pushing force. Steering can be achieved by varying the asymmetry of the distal part of the ovipositor by protracting one valve set with respect to the other. Tip asymmetry is enhanced by curving of ventral elements in the absence of an opposing force, possibly due to pretension. Our findings deepen the knowledge of the functioning and evolution of the ovipositor in hymenopterans and may help to improve man-made steerable probes.

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