Differential responses of Australian wheat cultivars to cadmium concentration in wheat grain

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 873 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Oliver ◽  
JW Gartrell ◽  
KG Tiller ◽  
R Correll ◽  
GD Cozens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Breeding Selection ◽  
A Site ◽  
Western Australian

Cadmium concentration in grain was studied for wheat cultivars grown nationally in the Interstate Wheat Variety (IWV) experiments (1988 and 1989) and cultivars grown in the Western Australian (WA) experiments (1990-1992). These experiments covered a range of differing soil and environmental conditions. The adaptation of these cultivars to changes in cadmium potential at a site was determined. Significant cultivar effects were identified, but these were less significant than the site effects. The Cd concentrations in grain exceeded the current Australian maximum permitted concentration (MPC) of 0.05 mg kg-1 at one site in the IWV experiments while the concentration exceeded the MPC at a larger proportion of sites in the WA experiments. Several trends in cultivar accumulation of Cd in grain were evident. Reeves and Kulin were found to have the highest Cd concentration at a number of sites for several years in both the IWV and WA experiments. The similar pedigrees of these two cultivars suggest that while wheat breeders were selecting for certain traits during the breeding selection process, they were inadvertently selecting for the ability to accumulate Cd. In the 1992 WA cultivar experiments, generally Aroona had the highest Cd concentration in grain. Aroona has different pedigree to Reeves and Kulin. Several of the cultivars that were low Cd accumulators also had similar pedigrees. This indicates that there is potential for selecting lines that are low Cd accumulators to be grown in areas where Cd accumulation in grain is a problem.

Prevalence and importance of sensitivity to the Stagonospora nodorum necrotrophic effector SnTox3 in current Western Australian wheat cultivars

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ormonde D. C. Waters ◽  
Judith Lichtenzveig ◽  
Kasia Rybak ◽  
Timothy L. Friesen ◽  
Richard P. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Stagonospora Nodorum ◽  
Similar Reaction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Necrotrophic Effector ◽  
Microbial Systems ◽  
Necrotrophic Effectors ◽  
Host Specific Toxins ◽  
Western Australian

Stagonospora nodorum is a major pathogen of wheat in many parts of the world and particularly in Western Australia. The pathosystem is characterised by interactions of multiple pathogen necrotrophic effectors (NE) (formerly host-specific toxins) with corresponding dominant host sensitivity loci. To date, five NE interactions have been reported in S. nodorum. Two proteinaceous NE (ToxA and SnTox3) have been cloned and expressed in microbial systems. The identification of wheat cultivars lacking sensitivity to one or more NE is a promising way to identify cultivars suitable for use in breeding for increased resistance to this economically important pathogen. The prevalence of sensitivity to the NE SnTox3 was investigated in 60 current Western Australian-adapted bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Infiltration of SnTox3 into seedling leaves caused a moderate or strong necrotic response in 52 cultivars. Six cultivars were insensitive and two cultivars exhibited a weak chlorotic response. Five of the cultivars that were insensitive or weakly sensitive to SnTox3 were noticeably more resistant to the disease. The 60 cultivars gave a very similar reaction to SnTox3 and to the crude S. nodorum SN15 culture filtrate demonstrating that SnTox3 is the dominant NE in this isolate. We conclude that a simple screen using both SnTox3 and ToxA effectors combined with simple greenhouse disease evaluation, will allow breeders to select cultivars that are more resistant to the disease, allowing them to concentrate resources on other still intractable breeding objectives.

scholarly journals Sensitivity to three Parastagonospora nodorum necrotrophic effectors in current Australian wheat cultivars and the presence of further fungal effectors

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kar-Chun Tan ◽  
Ormonde D. C. Waters ◽  
Kasia Rybak ◽  
Eva Antoni ◽  
Eiko Furuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Gene Interactions ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Septoria Nodorum Blotch ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Parastagonospora Nodorum ◽  
Necrotrophic Effector ◽  
Necrotrophic Effectors ◽  
Western Australian

Parastagonospora nodorum is a major fungal pathogen of wheat in Australia, causing septoria nodorum blotch (SNB). Virulence of P. nodorum is quantitative and depends largely on multiple effector–host sensitivity gene interactions. The pathogen utilises a series of proteinaceous, necrotrophic effectors to facilitate disease development on wheat cultivars that possess appropriate dominant sensitivity loci. Thus far, three necrotrophic effector genes have been cloned. Proteins derived from these genes were used to identify wheat cultivars that confer effector sensitivity. The goal of this study was to determine whether effector sensitivity could be used to enhance breeding for SNB resistance. We have demonstrated that SnTox1 effector sensitivity is common in current commercial Western Australian wheat cultivars. Thirty-three of 46 cultivars showed evidence of sensitivity to SnTox1. Of these, 19 showed moderate or strong chlorotic/necrotic responses to SnTox1. Thirteen were completely insensitive to SnTox1. Disease susceptibility was most closely associated with SnTox3 sensitivity. We have also identified biochemical evidence of a novel chlorosis-inducing protein or proteins in P. nodorum culture filtrates unmasked in strains that lack expression of ToxA, SnTox1 and SnTox3 activities.

Defining soil macrofauna composition and activity for biopedological studies - A case study on two soils in the Western Australian wheat belt

Soil Research ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAL Debruyn
Keyword(s):  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
Soil Macrofauna ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Species Mapping ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Good Agreement

In Durokoppin reserve and surrounding farmland, part of the central wheatbelt region, pitfall trapping and mapping of soil macrofauna activity were used to define the extent of soil macrofauna activity in these two environments. This type of study is a necessary precursor to determining the significance of certain invertebrate activity in soil modification in these habitats. The relative merits of the two techniques in determining the extent of soil macrofauna activity is assessed. The soil macrofauna groups identified by mapping and pitfall trapping as making a substantial contribution (in terms of relative abundance and activity) in all habitats were, in descending order, ants, spiders and scorpions (wandoo woodland only). In general there was good agreement between the two techniques in identifying the major species and trends in species composition between habitats, but mapping failed to identify the rare or cryptic species. Mapping more accurately identified the resident species in each habitat compared with pitfall trapping. Pitfall trapping data indicated that foraging activity of most soil macrofauna was depressed over winter, except for beetles, and was higher in the spring and summer sampling periods. However, mapping revealed a more constant level of soil macrofauna activity, especially for ant nests. It is argued that the two approaches complement one another and that each has value in interpreting the effects of soil macrofauna activity on soil properties in further studies. The discussion is based on the results of a study carried out in the Kellerberrin area of Western Australia.

Identification of Australian wheat cultivars by laboratory procedures: examination of pure samples of grain

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (71) ◽  
pp. 796 ◽  
Author(s):  
CW Wrigley ◽  
KW Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Grain Hardness ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Size Index ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Single Grain

Three laboratory procedures have been examined for the identification of about fifty wheat cultivars currently grown in Australia. The most discriminating of these methods is starch gel electrophoresis of gliadin proteins extracted from a single grain or from meal. This procedure is capable of identifying many of the cultivars directly. However, in some cases identification is complicated by the observation of more than one biotype for a cultivar on the basis of this test. By comparison, a larger number of grains can be examined by the qualitative phenol test but it is less discriminating. Additional information is provided by applying the test to glumes. Thirdly, quantitative assessment of grain hardness, measuring either particle size index or pearling resistance, gives a division of cultivars into about five groups. Specific results are listed for all methods so that the most suitable procedure can be chosen for distinguishing a particular group of cultivars.

scholarly journals Variability of leaf Cadmium content in tetraploid and hexaploid wheat

Genetika ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Kraljevic-Balalic ◽  
Novica Mladenov ◽  
Igor Balalic ◽  
Miroslav Zoric
Keyword(s):  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Cadmium Content ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Heading Stage ◽  
Absorption Spectrometer

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic trace metal pollutant for humans, animals, and plants. It is a heavy metal present in soils from natural and anthropogenic sources. Much of the Cd taken up by plants is retained in the root, but a portion is translocated to the aerial portions of the plant and into the seed. The objective of this research was to determine the variability and diversity of Cd content in the leaves of 30 wheat cultivars with different ploidy level, during two years. Analyses of Cd content (ppm) in the leaves at heading stage were performed with an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Significant differences between the mean values of the genotypes in Cd content were found. Tetraploid wheat genotypes had higher Cd content than hexaploid genotypes. Cd content was predominantly influenced by the year of growing (73%). The influence of genotype on Cd content amounted 16% and the interaction genotype ? year 11%. The cluster of the genotypes consists of four groups. In the groups three and four were some of the genotypes (Kalyan Sona, Partizanka and NS Rana 5) with lowest Cd content in the leaves. They could be chosen as parents in the hybridization for lower cadmium concentration.

Australian Wheat Varieties

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Fitzsimmons ◽  
RH Martin ◽  
CW Wrigley
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Broad Audience ◽  
Grain Trade ◽  
Australian Wheat

This handbook provides a practical description of wheat grain, heads and plants at several growth stages. It is designed to assist in distinguishing varieties currently grown throughout Australia, in the regions where each is usually grown. It is directed at a broad audience, including those involved with the grain trade at all stages, from seed production, through growing and harvesting, to receival and segregation, sales and utilization. Although Australia-wide in its overall approach, it is hoped that the handbook will form a basis to meet specialised local needs. Thus smaller sets of sheets, relating to local groups of varieties, might be selected and additional comments added, in the space provided, relating to the particular locality and season. In such a case, the characters that show the greatest differences between the particular varieties should be selected for identification.

Haploid production of Australian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars through wheat × maize (Zea mays L.) crosses

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Suenaga ◽  
A. R. Morshedi ◽  
N. L. Darvey
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Haploid Production ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Haploid Embryos

In order to reduce the labour for wheat haploid production through wheat maize crosses, several emasculation methods were investigated in combination with the ‘spike culture method’. Although the standard method whereby wheat spikes were hand-emasculated and pollinated on the day of anthesis gave a higher efficiency, the ‘non-emasculation method’ gave a comparable response. The use of the non-emasculation method and spike culture could eliminate much of the labour required for emasculation and treatment with 2,4-D, which is normally applied by injection into wheat internodes or by dropping onto florets after pollination with maize. Most of the selfed seeds were easily identified by the presence of endosperm, and the probability of contamination by the embryos originating from selfing among the presumptive haploid embryos in the non-emasculation method was very low. Twenty-seven Australian wheat cultivars were investigated for haploid production through wheat × maize crosses using the non-emasculation and spike culture methods. All of the 27 cultivars produced embryos after crossing with maize, with a mean efficiency of 33·1% (embryos/florets). Except for one cultivar, Tincurrin, plants were recovered from all of the cultivars (average of 61·5% including Tinccurin). This innovation of haploid production through wheat maize crosses is discussed.

Effect of post-inoculation temperature and light intensity on expression of resistance to stripe rust in some Australian wheat cultivars

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Ash ◽  
RG Rees
Keyword(s):  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Infection Type ◽  
High Light ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Infection Types

Temperature sensitive resistance to stripe rust in selected Australian wheat cultivars was found to be most strongly expressed at a constant post-inoculation temperature of l9�C and at high light intensities. At 25�C the infection type on the susceptible host was reduced, indicating incompatability, while at the lower temperature of 13�C all cultivars were susceptible to the rust. At low light intensities there was a movement towards low infection types in cultivars possessing this resistance even at low temperatures. This made it essential to use high light intensities to differentiate this resistance to stripe rust. The host-pathogen interaction leading to the low infection types became irreversible after 6 to 7 days' exposure to the higher temperatures. As well as affecting disease progress towards the end of the growing season in the warmer areas of the wheat belt, this resistance could have a marked effect on the ability of Puccinia striiformis fsp. tritici to oversummer in the Australian wheat growing areas.

Assessing specific agronomic responses of wheat cultivars in a winter rainfall environment

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Anderson ◽  
A. J. van Burgel ◽  
D. L. Sharma ◽  
B. J. Shackley ◽  
C. M. Zaicou-Kunesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Site Analysis ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Rate Interaction ◽  
A Site ◽  
N Rates

When new wheat cultivars are released for commercial production it is desirable to assist farmers to maximise the yield advantage by providing information about their responses to agronomic practices such as seeding rate and nitrogen (N) fertiliser. Over 3 years in 22 field experiments in the Mediterranean-type environment of Western Australia the response to seed rate and applied N fertiliser of current and recently released wheat cultivars was measured in factorial experiments under rain-fed conditions. A cross-site analysis showed that the environment × cultivar (location and year) or management (seed rate and N rate) interactions were relatively minor, explaining only 5% or less of the yield variation, in contrast to 89% accounted for by the environment. The analyses of individual experiments revealed that cultivars interacted more often with seeding rate (12 sites) than with applied N fertiliser rates (4 sites). Further, despite a frequent occurrence, the cultivar × seed rate interaction had only a marginal practical significance because the cultivar rankings at a site varied with season and the differences in optimum plant population were greater between sites and seasons than between cultivars at a site. The number of sites with positive and significant cultivar × N rate interaction was insufficient to generalise about the validity of the responses. The lack of any large differences between cultivars for their response to either seed rate or N rate implies the presence of a high inherent ability for compensation among yield components, thereby enabling the cultivars to exhibit an apparently high similarity for response to input levels. As such, it was not possible to generalise across environments in making clear suggestions for farmers to follow in respect of managing new cultivars differently from each other. It was concluded that despite the apparent desirability of providing information about differences between new and existing cultivars in their responses to seed and N rates at the time of release, they are more likely to be found where the differences between the cultivars are large, the testing sites are chosen so as to reduce the yield variance, and the yield level achieved in the experiments is above 2 t/ha.

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