Reproductive biology of Monttea aphylla (Scrophulariaceae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Tadey
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Monte Desert ◽  
Distributional Range ◽  
Pollinator Assemblage ◽  
Oil Flowers ◽  
Floral Syndromes

Monttea aphylla is an aphyllus shrub abundant in the Monte Desert, Argentina. This species presents particular floral syndromes including violet, tubular flowers with trichome elaiophores that produce oil. Oil flowers are associated with specialised bees with an oil-collecting apparatus. To better understand the reproductive biology of M. aphylla, the mating system, flowering phenology, the associated pollinator assemblage and foraging behaviour was determined at the southern-most part of its distributional range. Results were compared with those of previous studies and discussed. At this southern location M. aphylla is a self-incompatible species; it relies on pollinators for fruit production and presented a low fruit set. Flowering occurred during the spring, from October to December. M. aphylla was pollinated by three species of bees (Apidae); two generalist species (Centris brethesi and Mesonychium jenseni) and one specialist to M. aphylla (Centris vardyorum). M. jenseni is a cleptoparasite of Centris species. Centris species are oil-collecting bees and showed territorial behaviour (i.e. they always visited a restricted group of plants which they protected from other visitors), they visited several flowers/plants, which enhanced geitonogamous self-pollination and reduced pollination efficiency, and which might explain the low natural fruit set observed in M. aphylla. C. vardyorum was the most important pollinator of M. aphylla in the study area. The reproductive biology of M. aphylla differs along its distributional range. Apparently, southern populations of M. aphylla are more specialised than the northern populations, the former being pollinated by a few related pollinator species whereas at the northern location a variety of visitors were observed.

scholarly journals Reproductive biology of Vatica venulosa Blume (Dipterocarpaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aulia Hasan Widjaya ◽  
Dian Latifah ◽  
KATE A. HARDWICK ◽  
M. Rahmad Suhartanto ◽  
Endah Retno Palupi
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Plant Conservation ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flowering Pattern ◽  
Bud Emergence

Abstract. Widjaya AH, Latifah D, Hardwick KA, Suhartanto MR, Palupi ER. 2021. Reproductive biology of Vatica venulosa Blume (Dipterocarpaceae). Biodiversitas 22: 4327-4337. Vatica venulosa Blume is categorized as Critically Endangered A1c ver 2.3, according to the IUCN Red List. A study of the reproductive biology of V. venulosa Blume was carried out in August 2019-February 2020 at the Research Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens, Bogor, Indonesia. The research observed flower morphology, flower development, type of pollination, fruit and seed structures. V. venulosa is categorized as having a sub-annual flowering pattern. The flowering phenology of V. venulosa from flower bud emergence until fruit senescence takes about 6 months. The flower is hermaphroditic, with position of the pistil is higher/longer than the stamen; and pollen was released prior to stigma being receptive (protandrous). V. venulosa is a cross-pollinated plant, the flower visitors are insect nymphs of Thrips sp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), which are white and 1-1.5 mm in size. The percentage of blooming flowers was 32.3-37.9%, fruit set 10.9 %-12.6%. Seed physiological maturity  is reached at the age of 101±3-106±3 days after the flowers bloom when the wings are yellow green or green orange in color. V. venulosa seed is a non endospermous seed, and the cotyledons are composed mainly of small clumps of starch, being 42.5% carbohydrate.

scholarly journals Reproductive Biology and Flowering of Feijoa (Acca sellowiana (Berg) Burret) in Areas of Marginal Occurrence

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Joel Donazzolo ◽  
Eliza Luana Charneski Turra ◽  
Larissa Corradi Voss ◽  
Moeses Andrigo Danner ◽  
Idemir Citadin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Species Occurrence ◽  
Acca Sellowiana

Studies of feijoa adaptability in different locations, with specific weather conditions can be useful for the cultivation of the species. The objective of this work was to study aspects of reproductive biology (pollen viability and fruit set under different methods of pollination) and flowering phenology of feijoa in regions of marginal species occurrence. Progenies of five different crosses were evaluated in 2011 in Pato Branco and Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil. Effective fruit set was low with manual self-pollination and open pollination, but was higher with manual cross-pollination, demonstrating a lack of pollinators or even self-incompatibility in some progenies. For both sites, pollen viability was extremely low and atypical for the species. The flowering period of feijoa started earlier and was extended in these marginal regions. Manual pollination is required for a good fruit set.

Seasonal variation in air temperature drives reproductive phenology of entomophilous plants in a cool-temperate mire community

Botany ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Y. Ida ◽  
Gaku Kudo
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Cool Temperate

Phenological responses of plants to temperature dynamics are receiving attention due to the ongoing climate change. Most previous phenological studies have focused on flowering phenology rather than fruiting phenology. However, at mid-latitudes, the air temperature periodically changes during the growing period of plants. Hence, cool temperatures early and late in the growing period may affect reproductive success through pollination and fruit-development processes. To evaluate the linkages between reproductive phenology and success, we compared the phenologies, photosynthetic capacities, and fruit-set rates among 25 species within a cool-temperate community in northern Japan. The ambient temperature during the flowering periods of individual species increased with delays in flowering-onset time, whereas the ambient temperature during fruit-development periods was highest for species which bloomed in July. Fruit-set success among species was positively correlated with the ambient temperatures during the reproductive periods, and with the photosynthetic capacity. Fruit production of early-blooming species was limited by cool temperatures during the flowering period, presumably because of low pollinator activity, whereas that of late-blooming species was limited by cool temperatures during the fruit-development period because of slow fruit-development (i.e., sink limitation). Thus, limiting factors of fruit production varied depending on the flowering phenology of individual species within a community.

Individual flowering schedule, fruit set, and flower and seed predation in Vaccinium hirtum Thunb. (Ericaceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzuki Mahoro
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Spring Bloom ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Quantitative Indices ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Flowering phenology is a trait that determines, in part, the reproductive success of plants. In this study, the variation in flowering schedule among individuals in four subpopulations of Vaccinium hirtum Thunb. (Ericaceae) and the effects of pollinators, flower predators, and predispersal seed predators on fruit production of individuals for 2 years were investigated. To describe variation in the flowering schedule among individuals, new methods for calculating two quantitative indices, rank order and degree of synchrony with others, are presented. The methods are suitable for quantifying between-individual differences in the synchronous schedule of a temperate spring-bloom species. The 2-year phenological census showed that there was variation in flowering schedule within local subpopulations. In all subpopulations, the flowering rank was retained for 2 years, and in two subpopulations, the relative synchrony of individuals was also retained. Correlation analysis between flowering schedule and fruit set suggested that early-flowering individuals were at a disadvantage regarding pollinator availability. However, weevil and fly larvae attacks often counteracted the disadvantage; later-flowering individuals were predated more intensively than early-flowering ones. The response of V. hirtum subpopulations to the selection pressure against early flowering may be disturbed by temporal and spatial variations in the influence of pollinators and predators.Key words: flowering schedule, phenotypic variation, pollination, predispersal seed predation, flower predation, Vaccinium.

scholarly journals Performance of Component Species in Three Apple-Berry Polyculture Systems

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1601-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina M. Rivera ◽  
Martin F. Quigley ◽  
Joseph C. Scheerens
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Lonicera Caerulea ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Edible Landscape

The commercial and ornamental potential of three apple-berry polyculture systems was ascertained by monitoring the above-ground performance of component species in plots of `GoldRush' apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) trees on M.7 rootstock cropped with either blackberry (Rubus spp. L. `Navaho'), edible honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L. `Blue Belle' and `Blue Velvet'), or jostaberry (Ribes nidigrolaria Bauer `Josta') as understory plants. Polyculture plots and corresponding monoculture controls were established in 1999, with berry plants at recommended (R) or close [(C), half-recommended] spacings. Blackberries and jostaberries planted in monoculture at recommended spacings [i.e., control (R) plots] amassed dry weights >1 kg/plant by Fall 2001; the dry weight of edible honeysuckle from comparable plots was slightly >0.3 kg/plant. In 2001, blackberry yield (3.1 kg/plant) and fruit weight (3.4 g) were typical of `Navaho' plantings of similar age, whereas jostaberry was only moderately productive (yield = 286 g/plant; fruit weight = 1.4 g). Edible honeysuckle productivity (yield = 13 g/plant, fruit weight = 0.5 g) was minimal, due to disparate flowering phenology between cultivars. `GoldRush' apple growth and productivity (yield = 25 kg/tree; fruit weight = 158 g) was consistent with values expected for trees of similar age. Blackberry plant dry weights were reduced by 20% to 33% when planted at close spacing, whereas blackberry yields were reduced 35% to 38% when grown in polyculture with apple. Both polyculture and plant spacing significantly reduced jostaberry dry weights (i.e., 12% and 24%, respectively) relative to the control, but neither significantly affected jostaberry yield. Conversely, both close-spaced planting and the presence of an apple tree improved the yield of edible honeysuckle. Apple performance was not affected by the presence of an edible honeysuckle understory, but apple growth factors were reduced in blackberry and jostaberry polycultures by as much as 65%. Apple bloom, fruit set, and yield were also significantly reduced in apple-blackberry and apple-jostaberry plots, with fruit numbers/tree averaging <5 in all except the apple-blackberry (C) treatment. None of the polyculture treatments studied were suitable for profitable fruit production. However, each of the polyculture constituents exhibited unique, beneficial attributes with respect to their use as components within an edible landscape.

The reproductive biology of boreal forest herbs. I. Breeding systems and pollination

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2036-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer C. H. Barrett ◽  
Kaius Helenurm
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Cornus Canadensis ◽  
Forest Herbs ◽  
Maianthemum Canadense ◽  
Floral Syndromes

Detailed observations and experimental studies of the reproductive biology of 12 boreal forest herbs were conducted over a 3-year period (1978–1980) in spruce–fir forests of central New Brunswick. The species examined were Aralia nudicaulis, Chimaphila umbellata, Clintonia borealis, Cornus canadensis, Cypripedium acaule, Linnaea borealis, Maianthemum canadense, Medeola virginiana, Oxalis montana, Pyrola secunda, Trientalis borealis, and Trillium undulatum. All taxa are insectpollinated perennials and most exhibit clonal growth. Floral syndromes of the understory community are relatively unspecialized with many species possessing small white or green flowers. A total of 103 taxa of insects were collected from flowers during the 1979 season. Bombus spp. are the major pollinators of 5 of the 12 species. Syrphid flies, bee flies, and halictid and andrenid bees were also commonly observed. Controlled pollinations were undertaken to determine the breeding systems of herbs. Bagged, self-, cross- and open-pollinated treatments were used to investigate the capacity for self-pollination, compatibility status, and factors influencing fecundity in each species. A diversity of reproductive systems was revealed. Six species are completely dependent on insects for pollination, four species are weakly autogamous, one is strongly autogamous, and one appears to be apomictic. Comparisons of fruit-set and seed set from controlled self- and cross-pollinations indicate that four species are strongly self-compatible, one is dioecious, and the remainder display varying degrees of self-incompatibility. Despite this variation, outbreeding appears to be the most common reproductive mode. In several species there is evidence that low pollinator service limits fruit-set.

Reproductive Responses of Capsicum annuum to High Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 543c-543
Author(s):  
Ami N. Erickson ◽  
Albert H. Markhart
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Constant Growth

Fruit yield reduction due to high temperatures has been widely observed in Solanaceous crops. Our past experiments have demonstrated that Capsicum annuum cultivars Ace and Bell Boy completely fail to produce fruit when grown at constant 33 °C. However, flowers are produced, continually. To determine which stages of flower development are sensitive to high temperatures, pepper buds, ranging in size from 1 mm to anthesis, were exposed to high temperatures for 6 hr, 48 hr, 5 days, or for the duration of the experiment. Fruit set for each bud size was determined. Exposure to high temperatures at anthesis and at the 2-mm size stage for 2 or more days significantly reduced fruit production. To determine whether inhibition of pollination, inhibition of fertilization, and/or injury to the female or male structures prevents fruit production at high temperatures, flowers from pepper cultivars Ace and Bell Boy were grown until flowers on the 8th or 9th node were 11 mm in length. Plants were divided between 25 °C and 33 °C constant growth chambers for 2 to 4 days until anthesis. At anthesis, flowers from both treatments were cross-pollinated in all combination, and crosses were equally divided between 33 or 25 °C growth chambers until fruit set or flowers abscised. All flower crosses resulted in 80% to 100% fruit set when post-pollination temperatures were 25 °C. However, post-pollination temperatures of 33 °C significantly reduced fruit production. Reduced fruit set by flowers exposed to high temperatures during anthesis and pollination is not a result of inviable pollen or ovule, but an inhibition of fertilization or initial fruit development.

Reproductive success of wind, generalist, and specialist pollinated plant species following wildfire in desert landscapes

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew H. Lybbert ◽  
Justin Taylor ◽  
Alysa DeFranco ◽  
Samuel B. St Clair
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Mojave Desert ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Pollination Services ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Plant Reproductive Success ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Specialist Species

Wildfire can drastically affect plant sexual reproductive success in plant–pollinator systems. We assessed plant reproductive success of wind, generalist and specialist pollinated plant species along paired unburned, burned-edge and burned-interior locations of large wildfires in the Mojave Desert. Flower production of wind and generalist pollinated plants was greater in burned landscapes than adjacent unburned areas, whereas specialist species responses were more neutral. Fruit production of generalist species was greater in burned landscapes than in unburned areas, whereas fruit production of wind- and specialist-pollinated species showed no difference in burned and unburned landscapes. Plants surviving in wildfire-disturbed landscapes did not show evidence of pollination failure, as measured by fruit set and seed:ovule ratios. Generalist- and specialist-plant species established in the interior of burned landscapes showed no difference in fruit production than plants established on burned edges suggesting that pollination services are conserved with increasing distance from fire boundaries in burned desert landscapes. Stimulation of plant reproduction in burned environments due to competition release may contribute to the maintenance of pollinator services and re-establishment of the native plant community in post-fire desert environments.

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