Influence of temperature on the mycorrhizal associations of Pinus radiata D. Don

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Theodorou ◽  
GD Bowen

The growth on Melin-Norkrans medium by 12 out of 13 isolates (five species) of mycorrhizal fungi declined rapidly between 20 and 16°C, as did colonization of the rhizosphere of Pinus radiata by four out of five isolates (three species). Mycorrhizal production in soil was optimal at 25° and declined markedly between 20 and 15°. Large differences occurred between strains within a fungal species in length of root colonized and in the intensity of growth on the root at 16°C. Extremely poor colonization by some fungi at 16° compared with 20° reveals a necessity to select fungi for field inoculation on the basis of root colonization at soil temperatures appropriate to the area and season as well as on ability to stimulate plant growth. The effect of tem- perature on the linear growth of different fungal isolates in a rich laboratory medium was a poor guide to their growth in the rhizosphere.

Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 495-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Xu ◽  
Janice E.K. Cooke ◽  
Janusz J. Zwiazek

In mycorrhizal associations, water transport properties of the fungal hyphae may have a profound effect on water transport of the host plant. The importance of aquaporins, water-transporting members of the major intrinsic protein (MIP) family, in facilitating water transport has been widely acknowledged and extensively studied in plants. However, until recently, relatively little was known about the structure, function, and regulation of fungal MIPs. The rapid increase in the number of sequenced fungal genomes, including Laccaria bicolor and other mycorrhizal fungi, has enabled functional and comparative genomic investigations to delineate the role that fungal MIPs play in mycorrhizal-facilitated plant water transport. Phylogenic analysis of 229 fungal MIPs from 88 species revealed that MIPs of mycorrhizal fungal species fall into four clusters delineated by functionally characterized fungal MIPs: the orthodox aquaporins, the aquaglyceroporins, the facultative fungal aquaporins, and the X intrinsic proteins. This comparative genomics analysis, together with in silico structural characterization of predicted MIPs and recently published functional characterization of MIPs from a small number of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal species, provide new insight into MIP gene families of mycorrhizal fungi and possible roles for fungal aquaporins in water relations of mycorrhizal plant–fungus symbioses.


1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 2140-2146 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Daniels Hetrick ◽  
J. Bloom

More vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungal species and significantly more fungal spores were recovered from undisturbed prairie soils than four winter wheat field soils in Kansas through the 1980–1981 growing season. Two previously undescribed sporocarpic species of Endogonaceae were found in prairie samples but have not been successfully established in pot culture, leaving the genus to which they belong unclear. Though variable, 11–50% VAM root colonization was evident in all prairie grass roots sampled throughout the year. In contrast, no identifiable VAM root colonization was evident in wheat until May after flowering when 27% root colonization was observed. During the 1981–1982 growing season, roots of two other wheat fields were sampled with similar results. No colonization occurred until May when 8% root colonization was evident. The possible influence of such low levels of root colonization occurring quite late in the growing season of winter wheat is discussed.


Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 1326-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Walker ◽  
T. K. Mitchell ◽  
A. N. Morton ◽  
S. M. Marek

The influence of temperature on the infection of bermudagrass seedlings by Ophiosphaerella herpotricha and colonization of plants in the field was investigated. Bermudagrass seedlings (cv. Jackpot) inoculated with O. herpotricha exhibited dark lesions after 8 days. Root lesion length was greatest at 17°C and was similar for all temperatures examined below 21°C. Seedlings grown at 25 or 30°C had small lesions that remained similar in size when evaluated at 8 and 10 days post inoculation. Colonization of bermudagrass roots from field plots were examined in July, October, and November of 2003 and 2004. In 2003, no differences between sampling dates were observed for plants sampled from the edge of the spring patch in 5.4-cm increments to a total distance of 21.6 cm. In 2004, July and October samples were similar; however, an increase in root colonization was found between the October and November samplings. These studies suggest that infection and colonization of bermudagrass roots by O. herpotricha occurs over a wide range of cool soil temperatures, occurs in the spring, and can be variable in the autumn.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongtao Zhao ◽  
Xiaojuan Li ◽  
Ming Fai Liu ◽  
Vincent S. F. T. Merckx ◽  
Richard M. K. Saunders ◽  
...  

AbstractMycoheterotrophic plants (MHPs) growing on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) usually maintain specialized mycorrhizal associations. The level of specificity varies between MHPs, although it remains largely unknown whether interactions with mycorrhizal fungi differ by plant lineage, species, and/or by population. Here, we investigate the mycorrhizal interactions among Burmannia species (Burmanniaceae) with different trophic modes using high-throughput DNA sequencing. We characterized the inter- and intraspecific dynamics of the fungal communities by assessing the composition and diversity of fungi among sites. We found that fully mycoheterotrophic species are more specialized in their fungal associations than chlorophyllous species, and that this specialization possibly results from the gradual loss of some fungal groups. In particular, although many fungal species were shared by different Burmannia species, fully MHP species typically host species-specific fungal assemblages, suggesting that they have a preference for the selected fungi. Although no apparent cophylogenetic relationship was detected between fungi and plants, we observe that evolutionarily closely related plants tend to have a greater proportion of shared or closely related fungal partners. Our findings suggest a host preference and specialization toward fungal assemblages in Burmannia, improving understanding of interactions between MHPs and fungi.


2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 737-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne-Pascal Journet ◽  
Naima El-Gachtouli ◽  
Vanessa Vernoud ◽  
Françoise de Billy ◽  
Magalie Pichon ◽  
...  

Leguminous plants establish endosymbiotic associations with both rhizobia (nitrogen fixation) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (phosphate uptake). These associations involve controlled entry of the soil microsymbiont into the root and the coordinated differentiation of the respective partners to generate the appropriate exchange interfaces. As part of a study to evaluate analogies at the molecular level between these two plant-microbe interactions, we focused on genes from Medicago truncatula encoding putative cell wall repetitive proline-rich proteins (RPRPs) expressed during the early stages of root nodulation. Here we report that a novel RPRP-encoding gene, MtENOD11, is transcribed during preinfection and infection stages of nodulation in root and nodule tissues. By means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and a promoter-reporter gene strategy, we demonstrate that this gene is also expressed during root colonization by endomycorrhizal fungi in inner cortical cells containing recently formed arbuscules. In contrast, no activation of MtENOD11 is observed during root colonization by a nonsymbiotic, biotrophic Rhizoctonia fungal species. Analysis of transgenic Medicago spp. plants expressing pMtENOD11-gusA also revealed that this gene is transcribed in a variety of nonsymbiotic specialized cell types in the root, shoot, and developing seed, either sharing high secretion/metabolite exchange activity or subject to regulated modifications in cell shape. The potential role of early nodulins with atypical RPRP structures such as ENOD11 and ENOD12 in symbiotic and nonsymbiotic cellular contexts is discussed.


1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Furlan ◽  
J. André Fortin ◽  
Christian Plenchette

White ash seedlings (Fraxinusamericana L.) were inoculated with five species of endomycorrhizal fungi. On the 2nd week after transplantation, growth of inoculated plants differed from control plants. Growth also differed between each fungal species used, but the difference decreased after 82 days of culture. Only dry mass remained higher in plants inoculated with Glomusepigaeum Daniels & Trappe, Glomus sp. No. 3, and Glomusmonosporum Gerd. & Trappe. A significant growth enhancement was obtained even with a low level of root colonization.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 994
Author(s):  
Jiao Qin ◽  
Jing-Qiu Feng ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Shi-Bao Zhang

Mycorrhizal mutualisms are vital for orchids through germination to adulthood. Fungal species diversity and community composition vary across seasons and plant development stages and affect plant survival, adaptation, and community maintenance. Knowledge of the temporal turnover of mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) remains poorly understood in the eco-physiologically diverse orchids (especially in epiphytic orchids), although it is important to understand the function and adaptation of mycorrhizae. Some species of Pleione are epiphytic plants with annual roots and may recruit different fungal partners during their root lifecycle. Based on continuous samplings of Pleione bulbocodioides during a whole root lifecycle, we characterized the fungal temporal dynamics using Illumina sequencing of the ITS2 region. Our data showed that the plants of P. bulbocodioides were quickly colonized by OMF at root emergence and had a constant OMF composition throughout one root lifecycle, although the OMF richness declined with root aging after a peak occurrence during root elongation. In contrast, the richness of root-inhabiting fungal endophytes kept increasing with root aging and more drastic turnovers were found in their species compositions. Our findings of OMF temporal turnover contribute to further understanding of mycorrhizal associations and adaptation of Orchidaceae and will benefit orchid resource conservation and utilization.


Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliane Ruess ◽  
Erick J. Garcia Zapata ◽  
John Dighton

Abstract The growth of Aphelenchoides sp. populations was investigated in vitro with 17 different fungal species as food source. Nematode mass cultures were obtained with saprophytic (Agrocybe, Chaetomium) and especially with mycorrhizal fungi (Cenococcum, Hymenoscyphus, Laccaria). Mitosporic species, like Alternaria, Monocillium or Penicillium, were generally meagre or non-hosts. This poor host suitability is likely due to the release of toxic metabolites (e.g. antibiotics) and/or to morphological differences (e.g., forming of conidiophores) by the fungi. Frequent grazing of nematodes on mycorrhizal mycelia may be of major significance for the establishment and maintenance of mycorrhizal associations in the field. Food preference of Aphelenchoides sp. was tested in choice chamber experiments. Nematodes showed a marked preference for particular fungal species. They changed food source with time, indicating a “mixed diet” selection, probably a strategy to avoid the concentration of toxic metabolites. The attractiveness of a fungus was not necessarily correlated with its suitability as a host. That a poor fungal host can be a strong nematode attractant and influence their spatial distribution in the soil has implications for nematode populations in the field. In Laborexperimenten wurde die Vermehrung des Nematoden Aphelenchoides sp. mit 17 verschiedenen Pilzspezies als Nahrungsgrundlage untersucht. Neben saprophytischen Arten (Agrocybe, Chaetomium) eigneten sich insbesondere Mykorrhizapilze (Cenococcum, Hymenoscyphus, Laccaria) für eine Massenvermehrung. Eine schlechte Nahrungsquelle stellten mitosporische Arten, wie Alternaria, Monocillium oder Penicillium, dar. Dies dürfte auf toxische Stoffwechselprodukte (z.B., Antibiotika) und/oder auf morphologische Unterschiede (z.B., Sporenbildung) zurückzuführen sein. Die gute Vermehrung der Nematoden an Mykorrhizapilzen ist von weitreichender Bedeutung für das Freiland. Negative Auswirkungen auf die Ausbildung und Funktion von Mykorrhiza im Boden sind zu erwarten. In Nahrungswahlexperimenten zeigte Aphelenchoides sp. eine ausgeprägte Präferenz für bestimmte Pilzarten. Das Wechseln zwischen den einzelnen Pilzspezies weist auf die Bevorzugung von “Mischnahrung” hin. Dies dürfte eine Strategie zur Vermeidung von hohen Konzentrationen toxischer Nahrungsbestandteile sein. Präferenz und Nahrungsqualität standen nur in geringem Zusammenhang. Somit können auch Pilze, die eine schlechte Nahrungsquelle darstellen, attraktiv auf Nematoden wirken und deren Verbreitung in Boden und Rhizosphäre beeinflussen.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2786
Author(s):  
Deyu Mu ◽  
Ning Du ◽  
Janusz J. Zwiazek

Although velvetleaf blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides) is usually associated with sandy (upland) areas of the North American boreal forest, lowland populations can be also found in bogs, suggesting possible adaptations to different site conditions. In this study, we examined the role of ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi in conferring drought resistance to the upland and lowland velvetleaf blueberry seedlings. The seedlings were inoculated with four ERM fungi (Pezicula ericae, Pezoloma ericae, Meliniomyces variabilis, and Oidiodendron maius) isolated from the roots of ericaceous plants and grown under controlled environmental conditions in sterilized soil. The inoculated and non-inoculated (inoculation control) plants were subsequently subjected to three cycles of drought stress by withdrawing watering. Lowland plants appeared to benefit relatively more from mycorrhizal colonization, compared with the upland plants, in terms of plant growth and drought survival. After three weeks of treatments, the dry weights of non-inoculated well-watered upland plants were higher compared to the non-inoculated lowland plants. However, these differences were offset by the inoculation of plants with ERM fungi, some of which also significantly improved drought resistance characteristics of the upland and lowland plants. There were no major differences in the effects of different ERM fungal species on drought responses of upland and lowland plants. Of the examined ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, inoculation with Pezicula ericae was the most effective in conferring drought resistance characteristics to both upland and lowland seedlings and helped maintain higher shoot water potentials, net photosynthetic, and transpiration rates in plants subjected to drought stress.


1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Theodorou ◽  
GD Bowen

Growth of 5-month-old Pinus radiata seedlings was 60-80% lower in soil at pH 8.0 than at pH 6.2. At pH 8.0 mycorrhiza formation was lower by c. 60% and ectotrophic mycorrhizas were compIetely replaced by ectendotrophic mycorrhizas. In a laboratory medium at pH 5.0, 575 p.p.m. nitrate did not depress growth of the mycorrhizal fungi Rhizopogon luteolus, Suillus granulatus, and Cenococcum graniforme, but at pH 8.0 growth was slight regardless of the nitrate concentration in the medium. Rhizosphere colonization by Rhizopogon luteolus was studied by comparing its growth along roots of P. radiata seedlings with that along glass fibres in sterile soil. At pH 5 .0 appreciable colonization of the root occurred but this was less with 115 p.p.m. than with 12 p.p.m. soil nitrate. Growth along fibres was significantly less than along roots. Alkalinity produced the most marked effect on colonization, there being no growth of R. luteolus along the root at pH 8.0 at both nitrate levels. It is concluded that decreased mycorrhiza formation in alkaline soils is caused by inhibition of growth of some mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere in addition to possible nitrate inhibition of infection but nitrate inhibition of mycorrhiza formation under acid conditions is mainly due to inhibition of infection.


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