Effect of timing and height of defoliation on the grain yield of barley, wheat, oats and canola in Western Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Seymour ◽  
Jonathan H. England ◽  
Raj Malik ◽  
David Rogers ◽  
Andrew Sutherland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Vernalisation Requirement ◽  
Spring Type

Winter cropping in Western Australia (WA) is dominated by spring-type cereals and canola (Brassica napus L.) with no vernalisation requirement that are sown in late autumn (late April and May). With limited earlier sowing opportunities for later maturing winter-type crops in early autumn, farmers aiming to obtain some benefit from the grazing of crops (i.e. dual-purpose) must consider the grazing potential of spring types sown in late autumn. The aim of this study was to develop grazing guidelines for spring-type crops in WA that will limit the potential for grain yield losses. In order to determine the recovery response of spring-type crops to grazing intensity and timing, 59 time-of-cutting × height-of-cutting experiments were conducted throughout the south-western region of WA in 2012. Experiments were conducted on spring types of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), canola and oats (Avena sativa L.). Multi-site analysis showed that treatments simulating high-intensity ‘crash’ grazing to ground level or to a height of 5 cm reduced grain yield unless conducted early in vegetative growth before reproductive stages. Treatments simulating ‘clip’ grazing by removing only the top 5–10 cm of crop foliage reduced grain yield to a lesser extent than crash grazing, and in several instances could extend the safe cutting period past hollow stem (Zadoks growth stage 30) and/or the end of July for cereals, or past mid-July for spring canola, provided the developing reproductive parts of all crops were not damaged. On average, the amounts of biomass removed by clip grazing without yield penalty were 0.4, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.3 t ha–1 for barley, wheat, oats and canola and were similar to those removed by earlier, safe crash grazing. These represent significant amounts of forage and suggest that clip grazing of spring-type crops may be an approach suited to WA cropping and grazing systems.

Soil and tissue tests to predict the potassium requirements of canola in south-western Australia

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Soil Test K ◽  
Yield Responses

The predominantly sandy soils of south-western Australia have become potassium (K) deficient for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production due to the removal of K from soil in grain and hay. The K requirements of canola (rape, Brassica napus L.) grown in rotation with wheat on these soils are not known and were determined in the study reported here. Seed (grain) yield increases (responses) of canola to applications of fertiliser K occurred at sites where Colwell soil test K values (top 10 cm of soil) were <60 mg/kg soil. Grain yield responses to applied K occurred when concentrations of K in dried shoots were <45 g/kg for young plants 7 and 10 weeks after sowing and <35 g/kg for 18 weeks after sowing. Application of fertiliser K had no significant effects on either oil or K concentrations in grain.

Soil and tissue tests to predict the sulfur requirements of canola in south-western Australia

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Tissue Test

The sulfur (S) requirements of canola (Brassica napus L.) grown in rotation with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) in south-western Australia are not known. This study, involving 59 experiments, was conducted from 1993 to 2003 to determine soil and tissue test values for canola grain production below which S deficiency is likely. Extraction of S from soil using 0.25 mol KCl/L at 40°C (KCl-40 procedure) for the top 10 cm of soil is the standard soil test for S in the region. We measured KCl-40 values for soil samples collected at soil depths of 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm and related the values to canola grain yield responses to applied fertiliser S measured at the end of the growing season. Total S measured in dried shoots at about 90 days after sowing (DAS) was related to shoot yields at 90 DAS and grain yields. In addition, the concentration of oil in canola grain was measured to see if applications of S affected oil concentrations. Soil test S was higher in the subsoil than in the top 10 cm of soil at about half the sites comprising sandy duplex soils with larger capacities to sorb sulfate in the subsoil. Significant grain yield responses to applied S occurred for soil test values <7 mg/kg to 30 cm. At many sites when soil test S was <7 mg/kg in the top 10 cm of soil, shoots showed grain yield responses to applied S, but canola roots eventually accessed sufficient S in the subsoil for grain production, so that no grain yield responses to applied fertiliser S occurred. Therefore, tissue test values for dried shoots at 90 DAS poorly predicted S deficiency for grain production. Responses of shoots and grain to applied S occurred for S concentrations in shoots <4 g/kg. We conclude that shallow soil tests and early tissue testing may both overestimate the magnitude of an S deficiency for grain production of canola grown in sandy WA soils. Deeper soil tests need to be seriously considered. Applications of fertiliser S mostly had no consistent effect on concentrations of oil in canola grain.

Effect of fertiliser phosphorus and nitrogen on the concentrations of oil and protein in grain and the grain yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) grown in south-western Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 984 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil P Testing

The effect of fertiliser phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) on seed (grain) yield and concentration of oil and protein in grain of canola (oil-seed rape; Brassica napus L.) was measured in two field experiments undertaken at eight sites from 1993–2005 in south-western Australia, on soils deficient in P and N. Six rates of P (0–40 kg P/ha as single superphosphate) and four rates of N (0–138 kg N/ha as urea) were applied. Significant grain yield increases (responses) to applied P occurred in both experiments and these responses increased as rates of applied N increased. For grain production, the P × N interaction was significant in all eight years and locations of the two experiments. Application of P had no effect on concentration of oil and protein in grain. Application of N always decreased the concentration of oil and increased the concentration of protein in grain. For canola grain production in the region, responses to applied N always occur whereas responses to applied P are rare, but if soil P testing indicates likely P deficiency, both P and N fertiliser need to be applied.

GROWTH OF BARLEY, BROMEGRASS AND ALFALFA IN THE GREENHOUSE IN SOIL CONTAINING RAPESEED AND WHEAT RESIDUES

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. WADDINGTON
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Brassica Napus L

Under greenhouse conditions, incorporating ground straw in the soil at rates between 2,240 and 8,970 kg/ha reduced the emergence of alfalfa (Medicago media Pers. cv. Beaver) significantly (P < 0.05) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss cv. Magna) slightly, but had no effect on barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Conquest). Rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Target and B. campestris L. cv. Echo) straws were more damaging than wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Manitou) straw. Symptoms of severe nitrogen deficiency appeared early in the growth of barley where straw had been added to the soil. The effect on tillering varied. In one experiment tillers were smaller, in one tillers were larger; but in both, total leaf area produced was much less where 8,970 kg/ha of straw had been added to the soil. Bromegrass showed the same effects but to a lesser degree, probably because of slower growth requiring a smaller supply of nitrogen. Alfalfa growth was apparently unaffected. There was no evidence that the straw of either rapeseed species was more deleterious than wheat straw to crop growth after emergence. It is concluded that straw incorporated in soil affected barley and bromegrass growth by reducing the availability of nitrogen.

Alternatives to summerfallow and subsequent wheat and barley yield on a Dark Brown soil

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Suitable Alternative

A number of alternative options to summerfallow are feasible on the Dark Brown soils of the Canadian prairies. These include recropping to cereal or pulse crops, as well as use of summerfallow substitute crops, such as legume green manures. The objective of this study was to evaluate these options for their impact on the productivity of subsequent crops. Green-manure lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.), incorporated at either the bud or full-bloom stage of growth, field pew (Pisum sativum L.), grain lentil, and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown as grain were compared with conventional summerfallow for their impact on yield of a succeeding wheat crop and of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown the year after wheat on a Dark Brown Chernozemic soil at Scott, Saskatchewan. During the 5-yr period, 1984–1988, above-ground dry-matter production of green-manure lentil averaged 500 kg ha−1 at the bud stage of growth but more than doubled to 3170 kg ha−1, by full bloom. Grain yield of field pea averaged 1470 kg ha−1, while that of grain lentil, unfertilized wheat, and N-fertilized wheat averaged 1220, 1290 and 1490 kg ha−1, respectively. Considerable year-to-year yield variation occurred with all crops, variability being greatest for lentil. Yield of wheat grown after lentil green manure was similar to yield of wheat on summerfallow (2340 kg ha−1) during each of the 5 yr for both early (2360 kg ha−1) and late (2250 kg ha−1) incorporation. Wheat yield after pea (2210 kg ha−1) or grain lentil (2080 kg ha−) was reduced in 1987, but it was equal to wheat yield after summerfallow during the remaining 4 yr. Yield of wheat on wheat stubble, whether fertilized with N (1830 kg ha−1) or not (1610 kg ha−1), was generally lower than on summerfallow. Yield of barley grown the following year was generally unaffected by summerfallow or summerfallow substitute treatments. The higher value and similar productivity of pea and grain lentil, compared with wheat, combined with their favourable impact on subsequent wheat yield, should make these crops attractive alternatives to summerfallow. On fields unsuited to pea or grain lentil production, lentil green manures may be a suitable alternative to summerfallow because they should reduce soil degradation, although lentil green manures leave little residue to protect against soil erosion where through incorporation is practised. Summerfallow or green manure incorporated early or late generally resulted in greater available soil water and N for a succeeding crop than did grain lentil, pea or wheat. Key words: Green manuring, legume effect, recropping, lentil, grain yield, summerfallow alternatives

scholarly journals Research on the Allelophatic Effect Between the Invasive Species Ambrosia Artemisiifolia L. (“Floarea Pustei”) and Some Agricultural Crops

1970 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolae HODIŞAN ◽  
Gavrilă MORAR ◽  
Cristina-Maria NEAG
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Germination And Growth

The paper presents the results of the allelopathic effect on the germination and growth of plants, immediately after springing, in the interaction between the invasive species Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed) and five crop species: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rape (Brassica napus L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa). The tests consisted in applying treatments with aqueous extracts obtained from young Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. plants, as well as from different vegetative organs harvested from mature plants (roots, leaves and seeds). The results show a highly significant inhibiting effect on the germination of wheat, rye, barley and rape seeds and an insignificant one in lucerne seeds. A strong inhibiting effect upon the growth of plants in early stages of vegetation was established in wheat and rape and a stimulation of growth in the same stage of vegetation in barley and lucerne.

scholarly journals Results of the Research on the Allelopathic Effect Between the Neophyte Species, Iva Xanthiifolia Nutt. (“Ierboaia”) and Some Agricultural Crops

1970 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolae HODIŞAN
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Germination And Growth

Iva xanthiifolia Nutt., popularly known as “ierboaie”, is a neophyte invasive species notorious for being an allergenic weed, identified in the west of Romania, in two locations near Oradea, in Bihor County, near the border with Hungary. This species belongs to the allergenic weeds, being considered by some even more dangerous than Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., the two representing in summer the primary source of allergies, or diseases like hay fever, due to the pollen released in the atmosphere.The research is about the results of the allelophatic effect upon the germination and growth of plants, immediately after springing, viewed as the interaction between the species of Iva xanthiifolia and five other crop plants: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rape (Brassica napus L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa). The experiments that were performed consisted in applying treatments with aqueous extracts obtained from different vegetative organs (roots, leaves, stems and seeds) harvested from Iva xanthiifolia plants. In all cases, the results indicate a rather large inhibitor effect, no matter if the aqueous extracts were obtained from green plants or dehydrated ones.

Sulfur and nitrogen responses by barley and wheat on a sandy soil in a semi-arid environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 894
Author(s):  
M. K. Conyers ◽  
J. E. Holland ◽  
B. Haskins ◽  
R. Whitworth ◽  
G. J. Poile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Semi Arid

Soil testing guidelines for sulfur (S) under dryland cropping in south-eastern Australia are not well developed. Our objective was to assess the value of soil and tissue tests for S and nitrogen (N), because the two minerals frequently interact), in predicting S-deficient sites and hence increasing the probability of response to application of S (and N). Here, we report three proximal experiments in 2014–16 for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a sandy soil in a semi-arid environment near Merriwagga in western New South Wales. The trials contained a factorial combination of four rates of each of applied N as urea and S as high-grade gypsum. Responses to S were obtained for dry matter (DM) quantity and nutrient content at flowering in 2014, but no grain-yield response was obtained in any year. DM response to applied S was obtained when the concentration of S in the DM was increased from 0.08% in barley and 0.09% in wheat without S application to 0.10–0.11% in both crops with S applied as gypsum. Because we obtained no grain-yield responses to applied S, the 0.10% S in grain was likely to have been adequate for both crops in these experiments. A pool of subsoil S was accessed during each season and this compensated for any DM deficiencies of S by the time of grainfill. Shallow soil tests (0–10 cm) for S can therefore indicate sufficiency but not necessarily deficiency; therefore, in grain-cropping areas, we recommend soil S tests on the same samples as used for deep N testing (to 60 cm) and that an S-budgeting approach be used following the soil tests. Furthermore, for marginal nutritional circumstances such as occurred in this study, the supporting use of N:S ratio is recommended, with values &gt;17 in DM or grain likely to indicate S deficiency for both barley and wheat.

Can increased nutrition raise cereal yields to the rainfall-limited potential in the high rainfall cropping zone of south Western Australia?

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Simpson (née Hill) ◽  
R. McTaggart ◽  
W. K. Anderson ◽  
L. Anderton
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Seasonal Rainfall ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
High Rainfall

Average yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the high rainfall cropping zone (>750 mm) of south Western Australia from 1996 to 2001 was 2.5 t/ha. This is far below the water-limited potential yield (water losses of 110 mm, transpiration efficiency of 20 kg/ha.mm) of 6–8 t/ha. Nutrition of the cereal crops has been regarded as one constraint to reaching the potential yield, although grain yield increases (responses) under conventional management practices (a series of full cultivation operations) have been inconsistent. Three experiments, with a total of five trial sites conducted over two seasons, were carried out to test the response of wheat and barley to fertiliser applications of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S) and trace elements (TE). Various combinations of nutrients were applied. These ranged from no fertiliser (nil), to farmer practice (N at rates at 34–82 kg/ha, P at 3–17 kg/ha, K at 0–50 kg/ha and S at 4–11 kg/ha), to nutrients calculated to supply the needs of a 6–8 t/ha cereal crop (N, P, K, S, TE). The aim was to determine whether the supply of non-limiting levels of crop nutrients could raise yields to the potential yield as determined by seasonal rainfall. In the drier seasons experienced in 2001 and 2002 at Arthur River and Cranbrook, with growing season rainfall (May–November) up to about 350 mm, it was possible to raise grain yields to levels at or above the calculated rainfall-limited potential with increased nutrition (4.2 t/ha for barley and 4.5 t/ha for wheat). However, in the wetter environment of Boyup Brook in 2002, where seasonal rainfall was greater than 500 mm, extra nutrition by itself was not sufficient to reach the water-limited potential, even where the yields were increased from 3.5 to 5.2 t/ha for wheat and from 3.9 to 4.5 t/ha for barley. Further experimentation is required to clarify the factors limiting responses to nutrition when the growing season rainfall is greater than 500 mm and thus allow greater confidence in extrapolating these results in the high rainfall cropping zone of Western Australia. In wheat, the highest profits were obtained from the complete fertiliser strategy (N, P, K, S, TE). However, for barley, the greatest profits were not obtained with the highest grain yields and fertiliser strategies due to decreased grain quality.

Comparing copper requirements of canola, albus lupin, durum wheat and spring wheat grown on alkaline soils

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Cu Content

The copper (Cu) requirements of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the major crop for alkaline soils in south-western Australia, is well known. The Cu requirements of canola (Brassica napus L.), albus lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum L.), alternative crops for these soils, are not known. A glasshouse experiment, using 2 alkaline soils from south-western Australia, compared the yield and Cu content response to applications of Cu to canola, albus lupin, durum wheat and spring wheat. The Cu was applied either just before 45-days incubation in moist soil at 20°C (incubated Cu), or just before sowing after the incubation treatment (current Cu). Comparative Cu requirements were determined from yields of 45-day-old dried shoots for: (i) Cu already present in the soil (indigenous soil Cu); (ii) the amount of applied Cu required to produce the same percentage of the maximum (relative) yield of dried shoots; and (iii) the Cu content of dried shoots (Cu concentration multiplied by yield of dried shoots). The concentration of Cu in youngest tissue and in dried rest of shoots was used to determine critical Cu concentrations in tissue. Albus lupin used indigenous Cu so effectively it only showed a 10% yield increase to applied Cu. Canola used indigenous Cu more effectively than durum wheat, which was followed by spring wheat. Relative to spring wheat, durum wheat was about 15% less effective at using incubated and current Cu to produce dried shoots and canola was about 47% more effective. Therefore, to produce the same percentage of the maximum (relative) yield as spring wheat, durum wheat required about 15% more incubated and current Cu and canola required about 50% less Cu. As determined using Cu content in shoots, canola and durum wheat were about 45% more effective than spring wheat at increasing Cu content in shoots and albus lupin was about 80% more effective. Evidently, all 3 species took up more copper than spring wheat. Durum wheat did not use this Cu to produce more shoot yield than spring wheat, whereas canola did. The critical Cu concentration in the youngest tissue (mg Cu/kg), associated with 90% of the relative yield, was: 1.5 for spring wheat; 1.7 for durum wheat; 1.0 for albus lupin; and 2.2 for canola. Corresponding values (mg Cu/kg) for rest of dried shoots were: 2.5 for spring wheat; 3.2 for durum wheat; 1.3 for albus lupin; and 2.7 for canola.

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