Quantifying nitrous oxide emissions from the foliage of cotton, maize and soybean crops

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Rochester ◽  
C. Wood ◽  
B. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N2o Flux ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum L ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Glycine Max L

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, contributing to global warming. Most of the N2O emitted from cropping systems is derived from the soil and is closely related to the use of nitrogen (N) fertiliser. However, several reports have shown that small, yet significant, portions of the N2O flux from cropping systems are emitted from the crop foliage. This research aimed to quantify N2O emissions from the foliage of field-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and included maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) for comparison. We also aimed to identify differences in the timing of N2O emissions from foliage during the day and over an irrigation cycle. Individual plants were isolated from the soil, and the atmosphere surrounding the encapsulated plants was sampled over a 30-min period. Subplots that were previously fertilised with urea at 0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 kg N ha–1 and then sown to cotton were used to measure N2O flux from plants on three occasions. N2O flux from cotton foliage was also measured on five occasions during an 11-day irrigation cycle and at five times throughout one day. N2O flux from foliage accounted for a small but significant portion (13–17%) of the soil–crop N2O flux. N2O flux from foliage varied with plant species, and the time of day the flux was measured. N2O flux from cotton plants was closely related to soil water content. Importantly, the application of N fertiliser was not related to the N2O flux from cotton plants. The most plausible explanation of our results is that a proportion of the N2O that was evolved in the soil was transported through the plant via evapotranspiration, rather than being evolved within the plant. Studies that exclude N2O emissions from crop foliage will significantly underestimate the N2O flux from the system.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions from the Arabian Sea: A synthesis

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Bange ◽  
M. O. Andreae ◽  
S. Lal ◽  
C. S. Law ◽  
S. W. A. Naqvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
N2o Flux ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Data Coverage

Abstract. We computed high-resolution (1º latitude x  1º longitude) seasonal and annual nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration fields for the Arabian Sea surface layer using a database containing more than 2400 values measured between December 1977 and July 1997. N2O concentrations are highest during the southwest (SW) monsoon along the southern Indian continental shelf. Annual emissions range from 0.33 to 0.70 Tg N2O and are dominated by fluxes from coastal regions during the SW and northeast monsoons. Our revised estimate for the annual N2O flux from the Arabian Sea is much more tightly constrained than the previous consensus derived using averaged in-situ data from a smaller number of studies. However, the tendency to focus on measurements in locally restricted features in combination with insufficient seasonal data coverage leads to considerable uncertainties of the concentration fields and thus in the flux estimates, especially in the coastal zones of the northern and eastern Arabian Sea. The overall mean relative error of the annual N2O emissions from the Arabian Sea was estimated to be at least 65%.

Nitrous oxide emissions from applied nitrate fertiliser in commercial cherry orchards

Soil Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
P. Quin ◽  
N. Swarts ◽  
G. Oliver ◽  
S. Paterson ◽  
J. Friedl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Heavy Rainfall Event ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Post Harvest

The application of nitrate (NO3–) fertiliser is important worldwide in providing nitrogen (N) nutrition to perennial fruit trees. There is little information available on N losses to the environment from commercial cherry orchards, in relation to different timings of NO3– application. The emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) gas is an important greenhouse gas loss from NO3– application, being responsible for 6% of anthropogenic global warming and a catalyst for depletion of stratospheric ozone. In a commercial sweet-cherry orchard in southern Tasmania, we applied 373 g NO3–-N m–2 (equivalent to 90 kg NO3–-N ha–1) either pre- or post-harvest, or equally split between the two, to study the resultant N2O emissions. Emissions averaged 8.37 mg N2O-N m–2 day–1 during the pre-harvest period, primarily driven by a heavy rainfall event, and were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the average 4.88 × 10–1 mg N2O-N m–2 day–1 from post-harvest NO3– application. Discounting the emissions related to the rainfall event, the resultant average 1.88 mg N2O-N m–2 day–1 for the rest of the pre-harvest emissions remained significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those post-harvest. Ongoing studies will help to build on these results and efforts to minimise N2O emissions in perennial tree cropping systems.

scholarly journals Factors That Influence Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Soils as Well as Their Representation in Simulation Models: A Review

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 770
Author(s):  
Cong Wang ◽  
Barbara Amon ◽  
Karsten Schulz ◽  
Bano Mehdi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Impact Factor ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Emissions of N2O mainly stem from agricultural soils. This review highlights the principal factors from peer-reviewed literature affecting N2O emissions from agricultural soils, by grouping the factors into three categories: environmental, management and measurement. Within these categories, each impact factor is explained in detail and its influence on N2O emissions from the soil is summarized. It is also shown how each impact factor influences other impact factors. Process-based simulation models used for estimating N2O emissions are reviewed regarding their ability to consider the impact factors in simulating N2O. The model strengths and weaknesses in simulating N2O emissions from managed soils are summarized. Finally, three selected process-based simulation models (Daily Century (DAYCENT), DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC), and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)) are discussed that are widely used to simulate N2O emissions from cropping systems. Their ability to simulate N2O emissions is evaluated by describing the model components that are relevant to N2O processes and their representation in the model.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions from a commercial cornfield (<i>Zea mays</i>) measured using the eddy-covariance technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 20417-20460 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Huang ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
D. Hui ◽  
D. R. Miller ◽  
S. Bhattarai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N2o Flux ◽  
Flux Measurements

Abstract. Increases in observed atmospheric concentrations of the long-lived greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O), have been well documented. However, information on event-related instantaneous emissions during fertilizer applications is lacking. With the development of fast-response N2O analyzers, the eddy covariance (EC) technique can be used to gather instantaneous measurements of N2O concentrations to quantify the exchange of nitrogen between the soil and atmosphere. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of a new EC system, to measure the N2O flux with the system, and finally to examine relationships of the N2O flux with soil temperature, soil moisture, precipitation, and fertilization events. We assembled an EC system that included a sonic anemometer and a fast-response N2O analyzer (quantum cascade laser spectrometer) in a cornfield in Nolensville, Tennessee during the 2012 corn growing season (4 April–8 August). Fertilizer amounts totaling 217 kg N ha−1 were applied to the experimental site. The precision of the instrument was 0.066 ppbv for 10 Hz measurements. The seasonal mean detection limit of the N2O flux measurements was 2.10 ng N m−2 s−1. This EC system can be used to provide reliable N2O flux measurements. The cumulative emitted N2O for the entire growing season was 6.87 kg N2O-N ha−1. The 30 min average N2O emissions ranged from 0 to 11 100 μg N2O{-}N m−2 h−1 (mean = 257.5, standard deviation = 817.7). Average daytime emissions were much higher than night emissions (278.8 ± 865.8 vs. 100.0 ± 210.0 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1). Seasonal fluxes were highly dependent on soil moisture rather than soil temperature, although the diurnal flux was positively related to soil temperature. This study was one of the few experiments that continuously measured instantaneous, high-frequency N2O emissions in crop fields over a growing season of more than 100 days.

scholarly journals Effect of enhanced efficiency fertilisers on nitrous oxide emissions in a sub-tropical cereal cropping system

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Scheer ◽  
David W. Rowlings ◽  
Massimiliano De Antoni Migliorati ◽  
David W. Lester ◽  
Mike J. Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Fertilisers ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea

To meet the global food demand in the coming decades, crop yields per unit area must increase. This can only be achieved by a further intensification of existing cropping systems and will require even higher inputs of N fertilisers, which may result in increased losses of nitrous oxide (N2O) from cropped soils. Enhanced efficiency fertilisers (EEFs) have been promoted as a potential strategy to mitigate N2O emissions and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in cereal cropping systems. However, only limited data are currently available on the use of different EEF products in sub-tropical cereal systems. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three different EEFs on N2O emissions, NUE and yield in a sub-tropical summer cereal cropping system in Australia. Over an entire year soil N2O fluxes were monitored continuously (3h sampling frequency) with a fully-automated measuring system. The experimental site was fertilised with different nitrogen (N) fertilisers applied at 170kgNha–1, namely conventional urea (Urea), urea with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), polymer-coated urea (PCU), and urea with the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin (Nitrapyrin). Nitrous oxide emissions were highly episodic and mainly controlled by heavy rainfall events within two months of planting and fertiliser N application. Annual N2O emissions in the four treatments amounted to 2.31, 0.40, 0.69 and 1.58kgN2O-Nha–1year–1 for Urea, DMPP, PCU and Nitrapyrin treatments, respectively, while unfertilised plots produced an average of 0.16kgN2O-Nha–1year–1. Two of the tested products (DMPP and PCU) were found to be highly effective, decreasing annual N2O losses by 83% and 70%, respectively, but did not affect yield or NUE. This study shows that EEFs have a high potential to decrease N2O emissions from sub-tropical cereal cropping systems. More research is needed to assess if the increased costs of EEFs can be compensated by lower fertiliser application rates and/or yield increases.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions from a commercial cornfield (Zea mays) measured using the eddy covariance technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 12839-12854 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Huang ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
D. Hui ◽  
D. R. Miller ◽  
S. Bhattarai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Sonic Anemometer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N2o Flux

Abstract. Increases in observed atmospheric concentrations of the long-lived greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) have been well documented. However, information on event-related instantaneous emissions during fertilizer applications is lacking. With the development of fast-response N2O analyzers, the eddy covariance (EC) technique can be used to gather instantaneous measurements of N2O concentrations to quantify the exchange of nitrogen between the soil and atmosphere. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of a new EC system, to measure the N2O flux with the system, and finally to examine relationships of the N2O flux with soil temperature, soil moisture, precipitation, and fertilization events. An EC system was assembled with a sonic anemometer and a fast-response N2O analyzer (quantum cascade laser spectrometer) and applied in a cornfield in Nolensville, Tennessee during the 2012 corn growing season (4 April–8 August). Fertilizer amounts totaling 217 kg N ha−1 were applied to the experimental site. Results showed that this N2O EC system provided reliable N2O flux measurements. The cumulative emitted N2O amount for the entire growing season was 6.87 kg N2O-N ha−1. Seasonal fluxes were highly dependent on soil moisture rather than soil temperature. This study was one of the few experiments that continuously measured instantaneous, high-frequency N2O emissions in crop fields over a growing season of more than 100 days.

Nitrous oxide emissions from a waterbody in the Nenjiang basin, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 862-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiao-Qi Sun ◽  
Charlotte Whitham ◽  
Kun Shi ◽  
Guo-Hai Yu ◽  
Xiao-Wei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N2o Flux ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Main Barrier ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Closed Chambers

Using static, closed chambers and gas chromatography techniques, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have been monitored for 1 year (2009–2010) on an inland running waterbody downstream of the Nenjiang basin, China. During the freezing period, holes were dug in the ice in order to obtain nitrous oxide samples. Here, we have focused on water-air gas exchange and factors which might influence N2O emissions and flux. Initial results indicate: (1) N2O flux rates reach peak emission in January and the annual emissions of N2O were low, being estimated at 0.35 ± 0.20 μgm–2 h−1; significant seasonal differences only appeared between January and July; (2) N2O flux rates have strong regularity and ice has been the main barrier to nitrous oxide release during winter; (3) 24-hour monitoring revealed that N2O flux remained steady during 9:00–17:00; (4) N2O emissions have significant relationships with ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in water (r = 0.4467, p = 0.020 and r = 0.4793, p = 0.011, respectively). The N2O flux released from the waterbody is determined by the chemical concentrations in the water. Following these results, we suggest that moderate use of N and P fertilizer at intensive agricultural areas will be beneficial in decreasing greenhouse gas emissions from this waterbody.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the DNDC Model to Estimate Soil Parameters, Crop Yield and Nitrous Oxide Emissions for Alternative Long-Term Multi-Cropping Systems in the North China Plain

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abdalla ◽  
Xiaotong Song ◽  
Xiaotang Ju ◽  
Pete Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Dndc Model

Optimizing crop rotations is one of the proposed sustainable management strategies for increasing carbon sequestration. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model for estimating soil parameters (temperature, moisture and exchangeable NO3− and NH4+), crop yield and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions for long-term multi-cropping systems in Hebei, China. The model was validated using five years of data of soil parameters, crop yields and N2O emissions. The DNDC model effectively simulated daily soil temperature, cumulative soil nitrogen and crop yields of all crops. It predicted the trends of observed daily N2O emissions and their cumulative values well but overestimated the magnitude of some peaks. However, the model underestimated daily water filled pore space, especially in dry seasons, and had difficulties in correctly estimating daily exchangeable NO3− and NH4+. Both observed and simulated cumulative N2O results showed that optimized and alternative cropping systems used less nitrogen fertiliser, increased grain yield and decreased N2O emissions compared to the conventional cropping system. Our study shows that although the DNDC model (v. 9.5) is not perfect in estimating daily N2O emissions for these long-term multi-cropping systems, it could still be an effective tool for predicting cumulative emissions.

scholarly journals Biochar and urease inhibitor mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions and improve wheat yield in a urea fertilized alkaline soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadim Dawar ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
M. M. R. Jahangir ◽  
Iqbal Munir ◽  
Syed Sartaj Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Assimilation

AbstractIn this study, we explored the role of biochar (BC) and/or urease inhibitor (UI) in mitigating ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) discharge from urea fertilized wheat cultivated fields in Pakistan (34.01°N, 71.71°E). The experiment included five treatments [control, urea (150 kg N ha−1), BC (10 Mg ha−1), urea + BC and urea + BC + UI (1 L ton−1)], which were all repeated four times and were carried out in a randomized complete block design. Urea supplementation along with BC and BC + UI reduced soil NH3 emissions by 27% and 69%, respectively, compared to sole urea application. Nitrous oxide emissions from urea fertilized plots were also reduced by 24% and 53% applying BC and BC + UI, respectively, compared to urea alone. Application of BC with urea improved the grain yield, shoot biomass, and total N uptake of wheat by 13%, 24%, and 12%, respectively, compared to urea alone. Moreover, UI further promoted biomass and grain yield, and N assimilation in wheat by 38%, 22% and 27%, respectively, over sole urea application. In conclusion, application of BC and/or UI can mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions from urea fertilized soil, improve N use efficiency (NUE) and overall crop productivity.

scholarly journals Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pineapple Cultivation on a Tropical Peat Soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4928
Author(s):  
Alicia Vanessa Jeffary ◽  
Osumanu Haruna Ahmed ◽  
Roland Kueh Jui Heng ◽  
Liza Nuriati Lim Kim Choo ◽  
Latifah Omar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Natural State ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Peat Soils

Farming systems on peat soils are novel, considering the complexities of these organic soil. Since peat soils effectively capture greenhouse gases in their natural state, cultivating peat soils with annual or perennial crops such as pineapples necessitates the monitoring of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, especially from cultivated peat lands, due to a lack of data on N2O emissions. An on-farm experiment was carried out to determine the movement of N2O in pineapple production on peat soil. Additionally, the experiment was carried out to determine if the peat soil temperature and the N2O emissions were related. The chamber method was used to capture the N2O fluxes daily (for dry and wet seasons) after which gas chromatography was used to determine N2O followed by expressing the emission of this gas in t ha−1 yr−1. The movement of N2O horizontally (832 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) during the dry period was higher than in the wet period (599 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) because of C and N substrate in the peat soil, in addition to the fertilizer used in fertilizing the pineapple plants. The vertical movement of N2O (44 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) was higher in the dry season relative to N2O emission (38 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) during the wet season because of nitrification and denitrification of N fertilizer. The peat soil temperature did not affect the direction (horizontal and vertical) of the N2O emission, suggesting that these factors are not related. Therefore, it can be concluded that N2O movement in peat soils under pineapple cultivation on peat lands occurs horizontally and vertically, regardless of season, and there is a need to ensure minimum tilling of the cultivated peat soils to prevent them from being an N2O source instead of an N2O sink.

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