North-east Victoria SGS National Experiment site: water and nutrient losses from grazing systems on contrasting soil types and levels of inputs

Water and nutrient losses, pasture and animal production were measured for a prime lamb enterprise at Maindample (rainfall 750 mm/year) and a wool enterprise at Ruffy (rainfall 671 mm/year) in north-east Victoria from 1998 to 2000. Each site comprised 3 paddock-scale treatments: control, unsown pasture receiving about 5�kg�phosphorus (P)/ha.year; medium input, sown pasture (about 10 kg P/ha.year); and high input, sown pasture (≥22 kg P/ha.year). Sown pastures were based on phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) at Maindample and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) at Ruffy, and sheep were set stocked. Pastures at Maindample created a larger soil water deficit (commonly about 120 mm) compared with Ruffy (about 70 mm) in summer. Maximum soil water deficit at Maindample occurred under the high input pasture and was about 30 mm greater than the medium or control treatments. Phalaris content ranged between about 200 and 1300 kg DM/ha, between 10 and 70% of total composition (commonly about 20%). In contrast, at Ruffy the control, which had 20–40% native grasses (Austrodanthonia and Microlaena) achieved the greatest soil water deficit, about 25 mm greater than for sown pastures. Cocksfoot persisted poorly at the acid soil at Ruffy. Small differences in green leaf area over summer (about 200 kg DM/ha) between treatments could generate the soil water deficit differences over the summer.The most striking result was the markedly different pathways of water loss between surface losses and deep drainage at the 2 sites, which was of greater consequence than the effect of pasture type. At Maindample, on average, 166 mm of water was lost annually (22% of rainfall) with 110 mm of this as surface runoff. At Ruffy, annual water loss was 128 mm (19% of rainfall) with 110 mm of this total water loss estimated as loss through deep drainage.Phosphorus losses were low in all treatments (≤1 kg P/ha.year), and nitrate-N (NO3-N) losses (7–12 kg N/ha.year) were comparable with previous work. Concentrations of P in water were highest from the high treatments at both sites, averaging 0.91 and 0.83 mg P/L in surface runoff from Maindample high and Ruffy high treatments, respectively. Average soil water NO3-N concentrations ranged from 3 to 26 mg N/L. Both P and N concentrations were higher than acceptable for aquatic health.Environmental risks in terms of water and nutrient losses could be either higher or lower for sown than unsown pastures, depending upon soil type, botanical stability, persistence and the soil water extracting ability of the pasture. Results indicated that better environmental outcomes could be achieved if soil types were targeted for particular land uses. High management skills are needed if grazing enterprises are to be both profitable and have lower off-site impacts.