Warming alters the positive impact of elevated CO2 concentration on cotton growth and physiology during soil water deficit

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina J. Broughton ◽  
Renee A. Smith ◽  
Remko A. Duursma ◽  
Daniel K. Y. Tan ◽  
Paxton Payton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Whole Plant

Alterations in climate factors such as rising CO2 concentration ([CO2]), warming and reduced precipitation may have significant impacts on plant physiology and growth. This research investigated the interactive effects of elevated [CO2], warming and soil water deficit on biomass production, leaf-level physiological responses and whole-plant water use efficiency (WUEP) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Cotton was grown in the glasshouse under two [CO2] treatments (CA, 400 µL L–1; CE, 640 µL L–1) and two temperature treatments (TA, 28°C : 17°C day : night; TE, 32°C : 21°C day : night). Plants were subjected to two progressive water deficit cycles, with a 5-day recovery period between the water deficit periods. CE increased vegetative biomass and photosynthetic rates, and decreased stomatal conductance in TA; however, these responses to CE were not evident under TE. CE increased whole-plant water loss under TA, but increased WUEp, whereas increased whole-plant water loss in TE decreased WUEp regardless of atmospheric [CO2]. CE may provide some positive growth and physiological benefits to cotton at TA if sufficient water is available but CE will not mitigate the negative effects of rising temperature on cotton growth and physiology in future environments.

scholarly journals Interactive effects of elevated CO2, O3, and soil water deficit on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Nandu)

Agronomie ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 677-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen Hudak ◽  
Jürgen Bender ◽  
Hans-Joachim Weigel ◽  
Joseph Miller
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Soil Water Deficit

scholarly journals Linacre Derived Potential Evapotranspiration Method and Effect on Supplementary Irrigation Water Needs of Tomato/Cabbage/Carrot

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
C. N. Emeribe ◽  
E. S. Isagba ◽  
O. F. Idehen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation ◽  
Water Surplus ◽  
Total Average

The study examined the dynamic nature of water balance parameters over Kano town, a semi-arid environment and impact of Linacre derived potential evapotranspiration method on the supplementary irrigation water needs of selected crops. Monthly Rainfall and Temperature data were collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Lagos for the period 1953-2012. The study observed that there is a steady decline in annual precipitation over Kano from the first decade (1953-1962) to the fifth decade (1993-2002), after which there was a sign of weak recovery in the last decade (2003-2012). For water loss through potential evapotranspiration, there was a steady rise from the first decade (1953-1962) to the fifth decade (1993-2002), and then followed by a sudden decline in the last decade (2003-2012). The total average of water storage on the other hand, first experienced a rise between the first two decades (1953-1962) and (1963-1972), followed by a steady decline, up until the fifth decade (1993-2002) and finally a rise in the last decade (20032012). The total average of soil water deficit experienced a steady rise between the first and the fifth decades (1953-1962) to (1993-2002), this was followed by a decline in the last decade (20032012). Finally, the total average of water surplus experienced a steady decline between the first and the fifth decades. The observed decline in precipitation, storage, and water surplus, and the rise in water loss from potential evapotranspiration and soil water deficit, suggests that there have been changes in the climatic pattern over Kano and this could be seen in the supplementary irrigation water needs of Tomato/Cabbage/Carrot.

scholarly journals Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration improves water use efficiency and growth of a widespread Cerrado tree species even under soil water deficit

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Paulo Souza ◽  
Nayara Magry Jesus Melo ◽  
Alessandro Dias Halfeld ◽  
Kamilla I. C. Vieira ◽  
Bruno Luan Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Use Efficiency

Comparison of Stomatal Action of Orange, Soybean and Wheat Under Field Conditions

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
WS Meyer ◽  
GC Green
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Orange Trees

Diurnal trends in leaf diffusive conductance, Cs, leaf water potential ΨL and rates of evapotranspiration E*T were monitored on orchard-grown orange trees and field-grown crops of soybeans and wheat. Changes in these measurements were observed on soybeans and wheat as the soil water deficit increased. Maximum values of Cs of well watered plants differed between the three species (soybeans > wheat >> orange) probably as a result of different stomatal sizes and densities. Diurnal trends in Cs were common for all species, with maximum values occurring during midmorning followed by slightly lower midday values. The reduction in Cs around midday became much more pronounced as the soil water deficit increased. Slight increases in Cs values of soybeans and wheat were recorded during late afternoon. This pattern of stomatal aperture change can reasonably be explained in terms of responses to both radiant energy and plant water status. The pattern also seems to comply with the premise that stomates interact to optimize the rate of assimilation while minimizing the rate of transpiration in a given environment. Stomatal action appeared to have little effect on daily ET in soybeans under well watered conditions; ET was closely related to incoming radiant energy. The low midday values of Cs apparently caused a midday plateau in the rate of CT in wheat while even lower daytime Cs values for orange seemed to cause a low and fairly constant rate of ET which was relatively insensitive to changes in incoming radiant energy. The value of ΨL attained during mid morning at which Cs initially began to decline was fairly constant for soybeans (-0.9 to -1.1 MPa) as the predawn ΨL decreased from -0.1 to -0.8 MPa. A similar decline in predawn ΨL for wheat caused a change in the value of ΨL at which initial decreases in Cs were observed from - 1.3 MPa to -2.4 MPa. Thus there appeared to be little adjustment of stomatal action in soybeans but considerable adjustment in wheat.

Leaf shrinkage decreases porosity at low water potentials in sunflower

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
An-Ching Tang ◽  
John S. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Air Movement ◽  
Plant Water Use ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Original Size ◽  
Original Area

Leaves often shrink significantly when soil water is limited. For gas exchange measurmements, the shrinkage can require correction for changing amounts of tissue in the apparatus. In sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.), a comparison was made between mathematically-corrected transpiration and clamping leaves at their original turgid size without mathematical correction. These methods should give the same result, but transpiration was substantially greater in the clamped leaves than in the shrunken and mathematically-corrected ones. Because the clamped leaves remained at their original turgid area, wounding was not a factor. If shrunken leaves were stretched to their original area, transpiration increased immediately and was traced to increased leaf conductance to water vapor and greater porosity for bulk air movement through the leaf, implicating the stomata. Releasing the leaf caused each of these properties to return to the tightened condition. When all the leaves were held at their original size during a soil water deficit, whole-plant water use was greater than when the leaves shrank naturally. It was concluded that shrinkage decreases the porosity of sunflower leaves. This natural tightening can be disrupted by stretching leaves during gas exchange measurements. However, stretching provides a useful means of changing leaf porosity for experimental purposes.

Soil–Root Interface Water Potential in Sweet Corn Affected by Organic Fertilizations and Effective Microbe Applications

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 491c-491
Author(s):  
H.L. Xu ◽  
H. Umemura ◽  
T. Higa
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Root Activity ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers

We examined effects of organic fertilizations and effective microbes (EM, mainly Lactobacillus, Rhodopseudomonas, Streptomyces, and Aspergillus) applications on soil-root interface water potential Ψs-r of `Honey-Bantam' sweet corn. The contributions to Ψs-r from root amount and root activity were analyzed using the Ohm's law. Plants were grown in 1/5000 a Wagner's pots filled with Andosol and six treatments were made as follows: 1) organic materials fermented anaerobically with EM added; 2) anaerobic organic materials; 3) organic materials fermented aerobically with EM added; 4) aerobic organic materials; 5) chemical fertilizers with EM applied, and 6) chemical fertilizers. One month after sowing, as soil water decreased, Ψs-r was maintained higher in organic fertilized plants than chemical fertilized ones and also higher in plants with EM applications than those without EM. The relatively high Ψs-r was contributed by both their large root amount and high root activity. As a consequence, photosynthesis under soil water deficit conditions were also maintained relatively high in these plants. Maintenance of a high Ψs-r favored plants to resist against water deficits. Moreover, the Ψs-r analysis is a practicable additional means to examine the soil-plant water status under undisturbed conditions.

North-east Victoria SGS National Experiment site: water and nutrient losses from grazing systems on contrasting soil types and levels of inputs

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Ridley ◽  
B. P. Christy ◽  
R. E. White ◽  
T. McLean ◽  
R. Green
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
High Input ◽  
North East

Water and nutrient losses, pasture and animal production were measured for a prime lamb enterprise at Maindample (rainfall 750 mm/year) and a wool enterprise at Ruffy (rainfall 671 mm/year) in north-east Victoria from 1998 to 2000. Each site comprised 3 paddock-scale treatments: control, unsown pasture receiving about 5�kg�phosphorus (P)/ha.year; medium input, sown pasture (about 10 kg P/ha.year); and high input, sown pasture (≥22 kg P/ha.year). Sown pastures were based on phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) at Maindample and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) at Ruffy, and sheep were set stocked. Pastures at Maindample created a larger soil water deficit (commonly about 120 mm) compared with Ruffy (about 70 mm) in summer. Maximum soil water deficit at Maindample occurred under the high input pasture and was about 30 mm greater than the medium or control treatments. Phalaris content ranged between about 200 and 1300 kg DM/ha, between 10 and 70% of total composition (commonly about 20%). In contrast, at Ruffy the control, which had 20–40% native grasses (Austrodanthonia and Microlaena) achieved the greatest soil water deficit, about 25 mm greater than for sown pastures. Cocksfoot persisted poorly at the acid soil at Ruffy. Small differences in green leaf area over summer (about 200 kg DM/ha) between treatments could generate the soil water deficit differences over the summer.The most striking result was the markedly different pathways of water loss between surface losses and deep drainage at the 2 sites, which was of greater consequence than the effect of pasture type. At Maindample, on average, 166 mm of water was lost annually (22% of rainfall) with 110 mm of this as surface runoff. At Ruffy, annual water loss was 128 mm (19% of rainfall) with 110 mm of this total water loss estimated as loss through deep drainage.Phosphorus losses were low in all treatments (≤1 kg P/ha.year), and nitrate-N (NO3-N) losses (7–12 kg N/ha.year) were comparable with previous work. Concentrations of P in water were highest from the high treatments at both sites, averaging 0.91 and 0.83 mg P/L in surface runoff from Maindample high and Ruffy high treatments, respectively. Average soil water NO3-N concentrations ranged from 3 to 26 mg N/L. Both P and N concentrations were higher than acceptable for aquatic health.Environmental risks in terms of water and nutrient losses could be either higher or lower for sown than unsown pastures, depending upon soil type, botanical stability, persistence and the soil water extracting ability of the pasture. Results indicated that better environmental outcomes could be achieved if soil types were targeted for particular land uses. High management skills are needed if grazing enterprises are to be both profitable and have lower off-site impacts.

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