Analysis of the availability of water resources using the Thornthwaite-Matter water balance method with dual reservoir development in residential locations in Tangerang regency

Many settlements still use groundwater sources and this can cause a decrease in the ground water level. There is a need for alternative sources of water to meet the water needs of settlements. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of the surplus or deficit of water in Tangerang Regency, Indonesia and also to determine the amount of water demand for the population in the region. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the planning of dual reservoirs in providing groundwater for residential areas in overcoming the problem of drought in the dry season. This research method uses Thornthwaite-Matter water balance analysis and multiple reservoir design planning. The results showed that the estimated water surplus occurred from January to April with a magnitude between 25.07 mm to 186.09 mm. The water deficit occurs from July to October with a magnitude between 127 mm to 219 mm. The pattern of water consumption in the household is used as a reference for making reservoirs to maintain the availability of air in residential areas. The dual reservoir will be equipped with sensors that can help determine the water level so that it is easy to detect water needs and can prevent water wastage.

An Assessment of Water Budget of Ibadan, Nigeria

The influence of climatic conditions of precipitation and evapotranspiration exercise great control on soil water budget. This is fundamental to crop production and hydrological processes. This study assessed the temporal variability of soil moisture condition of Ibadan, Nigeria using the water budget approach. Specifically the study analyzed the climatic variables of monthly rainfall and means monthly air temperature, computed the mean monthly evapotranspiration values, plots the water budget graph, and discussed the implications of the observed seasonal trend in water budget condition on agricultural activities and hydrological processes. Monthly rainfall and mean monthly air temperature data used were collected from the archives of the Nigeria meteorological agency for the period 2008-2020. Monthly potential evapotranspiration data used in the study was estimated from the mean monthly air temperature data. The monthly rainfall data and the monthly evapotranspiration data were used to plot the water budget graph. Results revealed temporal variability in soil moisture condition. Water deficit condition was observed between November and April while water surplus condition was observed between May and October. The highest water surplus condition was observed in September (111.9mm) while the highest deficit condition (-125.64mm) was observed in December. The month of October recorded the lowest water surplus condition (41.30mm) while the month of April recorded the lowest water deficit condition (-10.10mm). The implications of the observed seasonal variation in soil moisture status on agricultural activities and hydrological processes were discussed.

Analysis of Climate Parameters as Indicators of Climate Changes in Central and Eastern Iraq: Khanaqin Climate Conditions as A Case Study

The climate parameters of rainfall, and average of maximum and minimum temperature were investigated for the period of 2000-2019 in three stations in central and eastern Iraq (Baghdad, Diyala, and Kut provinces). Evidence of climate change was noticed from the results, reflected by decreased mean values of annual rainfall with increased mean of maximum and minimum temperature. In addition, the water balance and the climatic conditions were determined for Khanaqin station for the years 1981-2019. The analysis of Khanaqin climate parameters demonstrated total annual mean values of rainfall of 260.86mm and evaporation of 3119.59mm. The mean monthly relative humidity was 46.65%, sunshine was 8.39h/day, temperature was 23.36Co and wind speed was 1.86m/sec. Water surplus was recorded in Khanaqin area, with values of (24.00mm) (34.18mm) (40.31mm) (28.83mm) and (19.92mm) in November, December, January, February and March respectively. The climate classification of Khanaqin area indicated semi dry and dry climates. Moreover, the region has water deficit that reached up to 43.56 % of the total rainfall values.

Water-tourism nexus: impact of the water footprint of inbound tourists to China

The water footprint is a new concept used to understand the water resources uses; however, few studies have applied it to the service industry and the impact analysis are not abundant. This study explored how water footprint of tourism influenced water resources based on inbound tourists to China from 2001 to 2018. The total water footprint of inbound tourists (ITWF) was 7273.15*106 m3, and showed an upward trend. The spatial pattern was agglomerated, being mainly concentrated in North China, East China, and South China. The standard deviation ellipse showed that the horizontal axis was first east, and then west. According to the background water footprint, the ‘contribution’ of ITWF to the background water surplus differed in each province. According to the background water stress, the impact roughly separated into large, medium, and small using overlay analysis. Based on ITWF and water stress levels, the 31 administrative regions of mainland China were separated into four types and put forward suggestions: double-high pressure type, cautious development type, double-low potential type and optimised development type. This study provided a theoretical reference for governments, and is conducive to promoting the coordinated and sustainable development of tourism and water resources.

Frequencies of drought at Ranchi regions, Jharkhand

Studies of water balance have been carried out for Ranchi taking 35 years (1970-2004) of climate data. Ranchi has annual water need of 1754 mm, rainfall of 1460 mm, actual evapotranspiration (AE) of 860 mm, water surplus (WS) of 600 mm and water deficit (WD) of 894 mm. The aridity index values were analyzed to assess the frequency of drought experienced of this region. The study reveals that during the above period, Ranchi has experienced 11 percent of large drought and severe drought, but only 3 per cent disastrous droughts in 35 years. Moderate drought category is observed to be most common with 23 per cent probability. Analyses of periods will contagious drought indicate that during the five year period 1980-84 and 1995-99, moderate, large and severe droughts were experienced.

Trends in pluviometric precipitation and climatic water balance in the hydrographic region of Paraguaçu – BA

Trend analysis of hydroclimatic data is essential in the development of water resources management, as it can envisage changes in the pattern of behaviour, helping develop strategies for adaptation in the face of imminent climate change. This study aimed to investigate possible annual and seasonal trends in rainfall and climatological water balance in the hydrographic region of Paraguaçu - BA. From the historical series of precipitation, deficiency and water surpluses, between 1989 and 2018, two analysis scenarios were conducted: the first to verify the annual and seasonal trends of each station, using the traditional Mann-Kendall (MK) methods and Sen’s estimator; and the second for each sub-region of Paraguaçu, by comparing MK with the Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA). The results of the annual series, regardless of the methodology adopted, point to negative trends in rainfall, positive trends in deficit and negative trends in water surplus. Seasonally, in the autumn and winter seasons, generally considered to be drought, there were more trends of increasing rainfall and decreasing water deficiency. A comparison between the MK and ITA models showed that both have similar results for indicating trends in the sub-regions of Paraguaçu. However, the ITA has shown a higher number of significant trends.

Climatological water balance and climate classification of thornthwaite and mather for benin, west Africa, in 1970-2015 period

The climate is described by the predominant atmospheric conditions in a particular region and influences several human activities. In agriculture, water availability defines the growth and yield of crops and can be obtained by the water balance. The climate classification also aids to identify suitable areas for agricultural crops. Thus, the aim of this work was to elaborate the water balance and perform the climate classification through the method of Thornthwaite and Mather (1955) for six weather stations (Bohicon, Cotonou-Airport, Kandi-Airport, Natitingou, Parakou-Airport and Savè) located in Benin, Western Africa. For the execution of this work, monthly series of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration from 1970 to 2015 were used. Once the monthly water balance of the six seasons was elaborated, it was observed that the rainy (dry) period decreases (increases) from the coast (Cotonou-Airport) to the north of Benin (Kandi-Airport) and, coincides with Boreal summer and part of autumn (Boreal winter and part of spring). Regarding the climate classification, the Cotonou-Airport station was characterized as Subhumid Megathermal climate with moderate winter deficit (C2wA’a’); the stations of Bohicon and Savè presented similar climate classification with Subhumid Dry Megathermal climate with low or without water surplus (C1dA’a’); Natitingou with Subhumid Dry climate Megathermal with large summer surplus (C1s2A’a’); Parakou-Airport with Subhumid climate Dry Megathermic with moderate summer surplus (C1sA’a’) and, Kandi-Airport presented Semi-arid Megathermal climate with moderate summer surplus (DsA’a’). In Benin, subsistence and rainfed farming showed greater risk in the north of the country due to the decrease in the rainy season and the water surplus from the coast (south) to the north of the country, with the increase in aridity.

Surface Basins Evaluation of the Southern Desert, West Iraq

The results of the present study show that the highest elevation point is (912) meters (a.s.l.) inside Wadi Al-Khur basin while the lowest elevation point is (6) meters (a.s.l.) inside Wadi Abu-Talha basin. The biggest catchment area is represented by Wadi Al-Khur (48840 km²) whereas the smallest catchment area is Wadi Taqtaq (1748 km²). The stream direction of all streams trends from South-West towards North-East. The soil available water capacity (AWC) (Moisture Deficit) in the studied area was15 mm. The average annual rainfall was133.11 mm, the average annual temperature was 25.65 Co, the total depth amount of E Apanwas 3691.85 mm/year, the relative humidity was 40 %, the average annual sunshine is 7.9 hrs., and the average annual wind speed is 2.7 m/s. The water surplus of the total studied area 46800 km) was about 488.592 m³⁄year, while the runoff amount was about 442.190 m³ ⁄year.

Análise Temporal da Chuva e Balanço Hídrico Climatológico para o Município de Chimoio, Moçambique

O conhecimento da variabilidade temporal das chuvas, possibilita prever mudanças no sistema hidrológico, planejar e gerenciar os recursos hídricos locais. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a variabilidade temporal da precipitação pluvial e, realizar o Balanço Hídrico Climatológico (BHC), visando a caracterização da disponibilidade hídrica face às mudanças nos padrões de chuva do município de Chimoio, Moçambique, como também, classificá-lo climaticamente. Para isso, foram obtidos dados diários de precipitação pluvial e temperatura média do ar para o período de 1989 a 2018. A variabilidade da precipitação foi avaliada mediante a aplicação do Desvio Padronizado da Precipitação, teste sequencial de Mann-Kendall e regressão linear. Por meio do BHC foram determinados: deficit hídrico (DEF), excesso hídrico (EXC), retirada de água do solo (RET), reposição de água da chuva ao solo (REP), evapotranspiração real (ETR) e evapotranspiração potencial (ETP). A classificação climática foi obtida por meio dos índices: hídrico (Ih), aridez (Ia), umidade (Iu) e eficiência térmica (Iet). A precipitação pluvial de Chimoio não apresentou mudanças significativas no seu comportamento. Contudo, verificou-se grande oscilação, com valores anuais variando de 546,6 mm a 1724 mm, e média de 1016,63 mm. Observou-se um DEF anual de 240 mm entre abril e novembro, EXC de 226,4 mm e REP 96,4 mm entre dezembro e janeiro. O clima foi caracterizado como C2 B’3 s2 w a’. Os resultados obtidos poderão subsidiar o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas voltadas ao gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos, além de mitigar impactos ocasionados pela variabilidade da chuva no município de Chimoio, Moçambique. Temporal analysis of rainfall and climate water balance for the municipality of Chimoio, MozambiqueA B S T R A C TThe knowledge of the temporal variability of rainfall makes it possible to foresee changes in the hydrological system, to plan and manage local water resources. The objective was to evaluate the temporal variability of rainfall and to carry out the Climatic Water Balance (CWB), aiming to characterize water availability in the face of changes in rainfall patterns in the municipality of Chimoio, Mozambique, as well as to classify it climatically. For this purpose, daily rainfall data and average air temperature were obtained for the period from 1989 to 2018. The variability of precipitation was assessed by applying the Standardized Precipitation Deviation, Mann-Kendall sequential test, and linear regression. The CWB determined: water deficit (WD), water surplus (WS), removal of water from the soil (RWS), replacement of rainwater to the soil (RRS), actual evapotranspiration (AET) and potential evapotranspiration (PET). The climatic classification was obtained by means of the indices: water (Iw), aridity (Ia), humidity (Ih), and thermal efficiency (Ite). The Chimoio rainfall did not show significant changes in its behavior. However, there was a large oscillation, with annual values ranging from 546.6 mm to 1724 mm, and an average of 1016.63 mm. An annual WD of 240 mm was observed between April and November, WS of 226.4 mm, and RRS 96.4 mm between December and January. The climate was characterized as C2 B'3 s2 w a'. The results obtained can support the development of public policies aimed at the management of water resources, in addition to mitigating the impacts caused by the variability of rainfall in the municipality of Chimoio, Mozambique.Keywords: water deficit, climatic classification, climate changes, Mann-Kendall.

Observed increasing water constraint on vegetation growth over the last three decades

Despite the growing interest in predicting global and regional trends in vegetation productivity in response to a changing climate, changes in water constraint on vegetation productivity (i.e., water limitations on vegetation growth) remain poorly understood. Here we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of changes in water constraint on vegetation growth in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere between 1982 and 2015. We document a significant increase in vegetation water constraint over this period. Remarkably divergent trends were found with vegetation water deficit areas significantly expanding, and water surplus areas significantly shrinking. The increase in water constraints associated with water deficit was also consistent with a decreasing response time to water scarcity, suggesting a stronger susceptibility of vegetation to drought. We also observed shortened water surplus period for water surplus areas, suggesting a shortened exposure to water surplus associated with humid conditions. These observed changes were found to be attributable to trends in temperature, solar radiation, precipitation, and atmospheric CO2. Our findings highlight the need for a more explicit consideration of the influence of water constraints on regional and global vegetation under a warming climate.