Influence of forage legume species, seeding rate and seed size on competitiveness with annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) seedlings

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Dear ◽  
A. Hodge ◽  
D. Lemerle ◽  
J. E. Pratley ◽  
B. A. Orchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Herbicide Resistant

Annual legumes sown as short-term forage crops are an important non-chemical option for the control of herbicide-resistant annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L.). The relative ability of 5 annual forage legume species (Trifolium subterraneum L., T. michelianum Savi., T. alexandrinum L., Medicago murex Wild and Vicia benghalensis L.) to suppress annual ryegrass seedlings was examined in a glasshouse study. The experiment investigated the importance of legume species, seed size and seeding rate in influencing the relative competitiveness of the legumes. Balansa clover (T. michelianum) and berseem clover (T. alexandrinum), the smallest seeded of the legume species, were the most effective of the 5 legume species, when compared at equivalent seeding rates, at reducing ryegrass biomass. Legume leaf area and biomass were the 2 factors measured that were most closely associated with depressing ryegrass biomass and were themselves most influenced by legume species and seeding rate. Balansa clover and vetch (V. benghalensis) were the most effective at restricting the amount of light penetrating to 50% of the height of the canopy over a range of seeding rates. The study showed that the competitiveness of forage break crops can be optimised by maximising legume biomass through selecting small-seeded legume species with high relative growth rates and dense canopies and by increasing the seeding rate where seed costs are low.

Competitive growth of capeweed (Arctotheca calendula) and some annual pasture species

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (61) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG McIvor ◽  
DF Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Competitive Growth ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Competition For Light

A comparison of the relative growth rates (RGR) of plants of capeweed (Arctotheca calendula), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) under high soil fertility conditions showed capeweed to have a higher RGR in the early weeks of growth, offsetting the effect of smaller seed size. However, when grown in mixed swards with the clover, under conditions of high NPK and water availability, capeweed did not readily suppress clover growth. If the capeweed and clover began growth together, clover growth was reduced by associated capeweed only after twelve weeks of growth, and then only slightly. If the capeweed was established four weeks before the clover there was a marked reduction of clover growth at the harvest eight weeks after the clover was sown. The results suggest that 'smothering' of clover by capeweed through competition for light is unlikely in grazed pastures in southern Australia.

scholarly journals Comparative effects of grazing, herbicide or forage conservation on barley grass content in Trifolium subterraneum L. clover-based pasture

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 800
Author(s):  
John W. Piltz ◽  
Simon J. Flinn ◽  
Leslie A. Weston
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Harvest Timing

Barley grass (Hordeum spp.) is a relatively short lived annual that provides high quality grazing early in the season, but its seed heads cause contamination of wool and carcasses, and may irritate the mouth, eyes and nose of sheep. Treatments were imposed on established subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) annual pasture in the same plots for three consecutive years (2015 to 2017) to evaluate changes in barley grass content. Treatments included: grazing alone (G), herbicide followed by grazing (HG), or a forage conservation harvest in early October, late October or early November consistent with an early silage harvest (ES), late silage harvest (LS) or hay cut (H). Grazing plus herbicide markedly reduced (P < 0.05) barley grass numbers compared with all other treatments, but increased (P < 0.05) the growth of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L.). ES reduced (P < 0.05) barley grass and increased (P < 0.05) subterranean clover compared with H, but broadleaf weed content benefitted by LS in contrast to either ES or H. Although herbicide application was the most effective method for barley grass control, forage harvest timing could be used to beneficially manipulate pasture composition.

The influence of seed size and seeding rate on the growth of two strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
EH Lawson ◽  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Net Assimilation

The results of a field experiment are presented in which large and small seeds of two strains of subterranean clover, Dwalganup and Mt. Barker, were sown at equal weights of viable seed per unit area. Two seeding rates were examined, and four harvests made during the winter-early spring period. The general conclusion is drawn that seed size has no effect on the growth rate of a subterranean clover sward, provided that sowing rate is held constant. It was found that the earlier strain Dwalganup outyielded the mid-season Mt. Barker strain in terms of total tops weight per unit area, although leaf production was higher in the mid-season strain. Root production, however, was consistently greater in Mt. Barker than in Dwalganup, and in fact total yields (of both tops and roots) were very slightly higher in the Mt. Barker strain. Growth rates are discussed in relation to net assimilation rates and leaf weights, and it is suggested that differences in root weight ratios between subterranean clover strains have not received adequate attention in the past.

scholarly journals Rapid On-Farm Testing of Resistance in Lolium rigidum to Key Pre- and Post-Emergence Herbicides

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1879
Author(s):  
Martina Badano Perez ◽  
Hugh J. Beckie ◽  
Gregory R. Cawthray ◽  
Danica E. Goggin ◽  
Roberto Busi
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Primary Dormancy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Control Options ◽  
On Farm

Overreliance on herbicides for weed control is conducive to the evolution of herbicide resistance. Lolium rigidum (annual ryegrass) is a species that is prone to evolve resistance to a wide range of herbicide modes of action. Rapid detection of herbicide-resistant weed populations in the field can aid farmers to optimize the use of effective herbicides for their control. The feasibility and utility of a rapid 7-d agar-based assay to reliably detect L. rigidum resistant to key pre- and post-emergence herbicides including clethodim, glyphosate, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin were investigated in three phases: correlation with traditional pot-based dose-response assays, effect of seed dormancy, and stability of herbicides in agar. Easy-to-interpret results were obtained using non-dormant seeds from susceptible and resistant populations, and resistance was detected similarly as pot-based assays. However, the test is not suitable for trifluralin because of instability in agar as measured over a 10-d period, as well as freshly-harvested seeds due to primary dormancy. This study demonstrates the utility of a portable and rapid assay that allows for on-farm testing of clethodim, glyphosate, and pyroxasulfone resistance in L. rigidum, thereby aiding the identification and implementation of effective herbicide control options.

A decade of monitoring herbicide resistance in Lolium rigidum in Australia

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Broster ◽  
J. E. Pratley
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Australian State ◽  
Group B ◽  
Random Survey ◽  
Group D

Charles Sturt University commenced herbicide resistance monitoring in 1991. A random survey in 1991 to determine the level of resistance in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) to selective herbicides across the south-west slopes region of New South Wales found that 30% of samples were resistant to at least 1 herbicide. A subsequent survey of commercially available ryegrass seed found that 58% of these samples were resistant to at least 1 herbicide. As a result of these findings, a commercial testing service was established and has since received samples from a large proportion of the southern Australian cropping belt. Seventy-seven percent of samples tested were resistant to Group AI, 40% to Group B and 22% to Group AII herbicides. Lower levels of resistance were found to Group D (8%), Group C (1%) and Group M (0.4%) herbicides. The correlation between resistance in Group AI and AII herbicides was lower than expected given that these herbicides are considered to have the same mode of action. Within the Group AI herbicides the observed response of the samples was consistent across herbicide formulations. Resistance to clethodim varied from observed responses to other Group AII herbicides. The variation in resistance levels (and degree of multiple resistance) in each Australian state is discussed in relation to environmental conditions and cultural practices. The size of this dataset allows for the analysis of the relationships present among herbicide resistant annual ryegrass.

Annual ryegrass and Festulolium as companion crops in the establishment of perennial forage crops

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-623
Author(s):  
Bruce Coulman ◽  
Arend Kleinhout ◽  
Bill Biligetu
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Bromus Riparius ◽  
Companion Crop

Annual companion crops are often used in new seedings of perennial forages in western Canada. Fast-establishing grass species that do not overwinter in this region have potential as companion crops to increase seeding year yields without reducing perennial forage establishment. Trials were seeded in two different years at Saskatoon and Melfort, SK, in the Dark Brown and Black soil zones, respectively. Crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.], meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were seeded in pure stands and mixtures with or without an annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) or Festulolium (Lolium × Festuca) companion crop at two seeding rates. Forage dry matter yield in the establishment year was increased with annual ryegrass companion crops compared with no companion crop regardless of seeding rate, but was increased only with the higher rate of Festulolium at Saskatoon. Despite using low companion crop seeding rates, stand densities of most of the perennial forage stands were lower than with no companion crop at Saskatoon, but in Melfort, most stand densities did not differ. The annual ryegrass companion crop reduced yields the year after seeding at both sites, while the Festulolium also reduced yields, but not at Melfort for the lower companion crop seeding rate. Dry matter yields were usually not different between companion and no companion crop treatments in the second year after seeding and for 3-yr total yields. The use of these companion crops increased the percentage of the 3-yr total yield produced in the seeding year.

Subterranean clover as a winter forage crop in a subtropical environment

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (76) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Kemp
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Subtropical Environment

The feasibility of using subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) rather than oats (Avena spp.) or annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) as a low cost winter forage crop was studied over three years at Taree (lat 32�S) on the subtropical east coast of Australia. When sown in early autumn, with sufficient moisture, subterranean clover yields during the winter were equal to oats liberally supplied with nitrogen, though initial yields from oats were greater over the first two months from sowing. Subterranean clover and ryegrass yields were similar during winter when sown in early autumn. In a dry year, the best results were obtained from sowing subterranean clover in mid autumn. Late autumn or early winter sowings of subterranean clover were unsatisfactory. It was concluded that sowing subterranean clover at high rates (30 kg ha-1) in early autumn provides a suitable low cost, alternative, winter forage crop.

Winter wheat competition against jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) as influenced by wheat plant height, seeding rate, and seed size

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 996-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Yenish ◽  
Frank L. Young
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass

Jointed goatgrass is a troublesome weed in winter wheat with selective control only possible with a herbicide-resistant crop. Even with herbicide-resistant wheat, cultural control is still an important part of jointed goatgrass management. A study was conducted in 1998 and 2000 to determine whether using larger sized seed of a tall wheat variety at an increased seeding rate would reduce the effect of jointed goatgrass on winter wheat. Wheat seed size, seeding rate, and variety height had no effect on jointed goatgrass plant density. Tall (∼130 cm) wheat reduced mature jointed goatgrass biomass 46 and 16% compared with short (∼100 cm) wheat in years 1 and 2 of the experiment, respectively. Spikelet biomass was also reduced approximately 70 and 30% in the same respective years. One thousand–spikelet weight of jointed goatgrass was reduced 37 and 7% in years 1 and 2, respectively, when grown in competition with taller compared with shorter wheat. Moreover, dockage was 80 and 30% less in years 1 and 2, respectively, when grown in competition with taller than shorter wheat. Mature jointed goatgrass height was similar regardless of the competitive wheat height. However, jointed goatgrass was as much as 18% taller than the short wheat and 15% shorter than the tall wheat. Seeding rate had the most consistent effect on wheat yield. Wheat seed yield was about 10% greater with 60 than 40 seed m−1of row when competing with jointed goatgrass. Results of this study indicate that growers could use a tall winter wheat variety to improve crop competition against jointed goatgrass. Results also indicate that plant breeders should consider plant height because herbicide-resistant varieties are developed for the integrated management of jointed goatgrass.

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