The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

The significance of petiole length, leaf area, and light interception in competition between strains of subterrranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) grown in swards

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Petiole Elongation ◽  
Light Profiles

Three strains of subterranean clover differing in leaf development were grown in pure swards and in all combinations in mixtures. The strain Yarloop has relatively few large leaves held on long petioles; Tallarook has many small leaves and short petioles; Bacchus Marsh is intermediate in all these respects. The swards were grown in boxes and were sampled on four occasions during the period of vegetative growth. Leaf area in each 2 cm layer of the sward was determined separately, and for both strains in the mixed swards, and measurements of the light intensity reaching each layer were obtained. Root weights were determined for all swards and separately for each component of the mixed swards. Examination of the dry weights showed that the growth of the strain having the lesser petiole elongation was suppressed. In the extreme instance Tallarook was so suppressed when grown with Yarloop that in the final inter-sampling period it grew completely in the dark, and lost about half its dry weight. Bacchus Marsh also suppressed Tallarook, but to a lesser extent, while Bacchus Marsh was itself suppressed in competition with Yarloop. The amount of light energy intercepted by the two components of the mixed swards was calculated from the leaf area and light profiles, and confirmed the importance of the spatial distribution of leaves in plant competition. It was concluded that, in the absence of defoliation, the success of a strain under competition was associated with its potential petiole elongation.

scholarly journals Establishment Technique and Rootstock Impact ‘Chambourcin’ Grapevine Morphology and Production in Missouri

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Thomas ◽  
Jackie L. Harris ◽  
Elijah A. Bergmeier ◽  
R. Keith Striegler
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Training Method ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Fruit Composition ◽  
Protection Devices ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

An evaluation of establishment techniques and rootstocks for ‘Chambourcin’ hybrid grape (Vitis sp.) was conducted 2009–12. Our objective was to evaluate four establishment methods and their interactions with grafted and ungrafted vines in terms of vine morphology and early fruit production under southwest Missouri conditions. The study was established in May 2009, as a factorial experiment comparing four establishment methods (open-trained without protection—two shoots, grow tube protected—two shoots, paperboard carton protected—two shoots, and fan-trained without protection—six shoots) across two vine types (own-rooted and grafted to ‘Couderc 3309’ hybrid grape rootstock). All vines in four of 12 field replications were destructively harvested near the conclusion of the first growing season, with leaf area and total vine dry matter determined. In years 3 and 4, yield, fruit composition, and vegetative growth were determined from the eight remaining replications. The fan training method increased leaf area and total vine dry matter compared with the other methods, but none of the establishment techniques affected fruit yield. Trunks that were tube protected had longer internodes, smaller diameter, and less dry matter, whereas both protection devices reduced glyphosate injury. Vine type (grafted and ungrafted) did not impact total leaf area or dry weight during the establishment year, but grafted vines had increased trunk and root shank dry weights compared with own-rooted vines. Grafted vines produced greater fruit yield in 2012. The fan training method required more labor to execute; although it was successful at increasing leaf area and root dry weight, it increased susceptibility to glyphosate injury and did not promote increased precocity or early fruit yield.

Seed size as a factor in the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) under spaced and sward conditions

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Significant Difference

The significance of seed weight in the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L) , of the Bacchus Marsh strain, has been assessed under both spaced plant and sward conditions at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute. Under conditions of spacing, plants of three widely separated seed size grades were grown a t a density of 1 per 25 sq. links. The dry weights of the plants were proportional to seed weight from the time of sowing (in May) till the end of October – over almost the entire growing period of the crop. Three sets of swards were grown a t a density of 25 plants per sq. link, each sward being planted with seed of one of the three sizes. Dry weight was proportional to seed weight in the early part of the season but when the swards reached a leaf area index of about 4 (i.e. when there were 4 sq. links of leaf surface on 1 sq. link of ground), a reduction in growth rate occurred. This critical leaf area index was reached first in "large seed" swards, followed later by "medium seed" and finally by "small seed" swards. Thus there was a period in which the swards were growing at different rates, and in which the dry weights came to parity, so that on the final sampling occasion (in December) there was no significant difference between the dry weights of the swards from the three seed sizes. It is concluded that a t a leaf area index of about 4, interception of incident light energy is complete.

The effect of autotetraploidy in five varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 356 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Hutton ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Green Matter ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Induced autotetraploidy in the Dwalganup variety of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) resulted in total dry weight increases of 60 and 65.5 per cent. at flowering and maturity respectively. In the other four varieties the tetraploids had decreased yields of dry matter compared with the diploids, although the decreases for leaf weights at flowering were nonsignificant in Mount Barker and Tallarook, as was the total dry weight reduction in Tallarook at maturity. There were no significant differences between the diploids and tetraploids in percentage moisture content. When early development was stimulated by growth in a glass-house, the tetraploids of all varieties showed a significant increase in yield of green matter. The level of increased growth was maintained only in Dwalganup, and decreased in other varieties during flowering. An analysis was made of the way in which the different plant parts mere changed by tetraploidy. Where decreased growth occurred, the leaves and stems were coarser. In all varieties a reduced seed-setting followed autotetraploidy, although in Dwalganup the yield of seed per plant was not affected.

scholarly journals Growth dynamics and yield of melon as influenced by nitrogen fertilizer

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Teresa Castellanos ◽  
María Jesús Cabello ◽  
María del Carmen Cartagena ◽  
Ana María Tarquis ◽  
Augusto Arce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Area Index

Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for melon (Cucumis melo L.) production. However there is scanty information about the amount necessary to maintain an appropriate balance between growth and yield. Melon vegetative organs must develop sufficiently to intercept light and accumulate water and nutrients but it is also important to obtain a large reproductive-vegetative dry weight ratio to maximize the fruit yield. We evaluated the influence of different N amounts on the growth, production of dry matter and fruit yield of a melon 'Piel de sapo' type. A three-year field experiment was carried out from May to September. Melons were subjected to an irrigation depth of 100% crop evapotranspiration and to 11 N fertilization rates, ranging 11 to 393 kg ha-1 in the three years. The dry matter production of leaves and stems increased as the N amount increased. The dry matter of the whole plant was affected similarly, while the fruit dry matter decreased as the N amount was increased above 112, 93 and 95 kg ha-1, in 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. The maximum Leaf Area Index (LAI), 3.1, was obtained at 393 kg ha-1 of N. The lowest N supply reduced the fruit yield by 21%, while the highest increased the vegetative growth, LAI and Leaf Area Duration (LAD), but reduced yield by 24% relative to the N93 treatment. Excessive applications of N increase vegetative growth at the expense of reproductive growth. For this melon type, rates about 90-100 kg ha-1 of N are sufficient for adequate plant growth, development and maximum production. To obtain fruit yield close to the maximum, the leaf N concentration at the end of the crop cycle should be higher than 19.5 g kg-1.

Quantifying pasture dry matter responses to applications of potassium fertiliser for an intensively grazed, rain-fed dairy pasture in south-western Australia with or without adequate nitrogen fertiliser

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
I. F. Guthridge
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Test K

Rain-fed dairy pastures on sandy soils common in the high rainfall (>800 mm annual average) Mediterranean-type climate of south-western Australia comprise the annual species subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and annual and Italian ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud. and L. multiflorum Lam.). In wet years, clover becomes potassium (K) deficient and shows large dry matter (DM) responses to applied fertiliser K due to leaching of K in soil by rainfall. In contrast, ryegrass rarely shows DM responses to applied K. Many dairy pastures in the region are now intensively grazed to maximise pasture use for milk production, and nitrogen (N) fertiliser is applied after each grazing. It is not known if frequent applications of fertiliser N to these pastures changes pasture DM responses to applied K. Therefore, a long-term (2002–07) field experiment was undertaken on an intensively grazed dairy pasture in the region to quantify pasture DM responses to applied fertiliser K with or without applications of adequate fertiliser N (141–200 kg N/ha per year). Soil samples (top 10 cm of soil) were collected from each plot of the experiment each February to measure soil test K by the standard Colwell sodium bicarbonate procedure used for both K and phosphorus soil testing in the region. When no N was applied, pasture comprised ~70% (dry weight basis) clover and 25% ryegrass, compared with ~70% ryegrass and 25% clover when adequate N was applied. Significant linear responses of pasture DM to applied K occurred in 3 of the 6 years of the experiment only when no N was applied and clover dominated the pasture. The largest response varied from ~1.7 to 2.0 t/ha DM consumed by dairy cows at all grazings in each year, giving a K response efficiency of between 8 and 10 kg DM/ha per kg K/ha applied. Significant pasture DM responses to applied N occurred at all grazings in each year, with ~2–3 t/ha extra DM consumed by dairy cows at all grazings in each year being produced when a total of 141–200 kg N/ha was applied per year, giving an N response efficiency of ~7–19 kg DM/ha per kg N/ha applied. Soil test K values were very variable, attributed to varying proportions of soil samples per plot collected between and within cow urine patches, containing much K, arbitrarily deposited on experimental plots during grazing. Soil test K values were not significantly affected by the rates of K applied per year. A re-evaluation of results from the major soil K test study conducted for pastures in the region confirm that ryegrass rarely showed DM responses to applied K, and that for clover, soil K testing poorly predicted the likelihood of K deficiency in the next growing season.

scholarly journals EFEITO DO TAMANHO DAS SEMENTES SOBRE A EMERGÊNCIA E MORFOFISIOLOGIA DE MUDAS DE MAMA CADELA

Nativa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-265
Author(s):  
Thales Augusto Ferreira Querioz ◽  
Daniela Pereira Dias
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Mass ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
Chlorophyll Index

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a emergência de plântulas e a morfofisiologia de mudas de mama-cadela (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul) produzidas a partir de sementes de diferentes tamanhos. Foram determinadas a porcentagem de emergência de plântulas e as características morfofisiológicas das mudas (altura, diâmetro do colo, índice de robustez, espessura foliar, índice de clorofila, biomassa seca, massa foliar específica - MFE e área foliar total). A emergência iniciou-se após 21 dias da semeadura e atingiu, ao final do experimento, 84% para as sementes pequenas, valor inferior ao das sementes médias e grandes (94 e 90%, respectivamente). Em 60 dias, as mudas apresentavam, em média, 2,53 mm de diâmetro e 12,81 cm de altura. Nos primeiros 30 dias, as mudas formadas a partir de sementes pequenas tinham alturas menores que as demais. O tamanho das sementes não afetou o diâmetro do colo e a espessura das folhas durante o crescimento inicial das mudas, assim como para os parâmetros morfofisiológicos estudados. Ao longo de 120 dias, houve aumento do conteúdo de clorofilas, biomassa seca, área foliar total, exceto para a MFE. O tamanho das sementes afeta a emergência e a altura das mudas de mama-cadela após 30 dias após a emergência. Palavras-chave: Brosimum gaudichaudii; Cerrado; crescimento inicial.   Effect of seed size on emergence and mophophysiology of mama-cadela seedlings   ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the seedling emergence and morphophysiology of mama-cadela (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul) seedlings produced from seeds of different sizes. Seedling emergence percentage and seedling morphophysiological characteristics (height, diameter, slenderness index, leaf thickness, chlorophyll index, dry matter, specific leaf mass - MFE and total leaf area) were determined. The emergence started after 21 days of sowing and reached, at the end of the experiment, 84% for small seeds, lower than the average and large seeds (94 and 90%, respectively). In 60 days, the seedlings had, on average, 2.53 mm in diameter and 12.81 cm in height. In the first 30 days, seedlings formed from small seeds had shorter heights than the others. The seeds size did not affect the diameter and the leaves thickness during the initial growth of the seedlings, as well as for the morphophysiological parameters studied. Over the 120 days, there was an increase in the content of chlorophylls, dry matter, total leaf area, except for MFE. The seeds size affects the emergence and the height at 30 days after mama-cadela seedlings emergence. Keywords: Brosimum gaudichaudii; Brazilian savanna; initial growth.

Strain reaction to potassium deficiency in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Potassium Deficiency ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Pot Culture

The results of three experiments — two in pot culture and one in the field — are described in which five commercial strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were grown on Crawley sand at Perth. The strains were Dwalganup, Yarloop, Bacchus Marsh, Mt. Barker, and Tallarook. All strains were affected similarly by potassium deficiency and no evidence of differential response to applied potassium was obtained, either in dry matter yield or potassium content. As an aid in the diagnosis of potassium deficiency, the value 0.8 per cent. potassium in the leaf plus petiole of clover tops (irrespective of strain) sampled 10 weeks or more after germination may be taken to indicate incipient deficiency.

Distribution of zinc and copper in seedlings of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in solution culture

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Riceman ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Substantial Change

Changes in the distribution of zinc, copper, and dry matter in seedlings of Trifolium subterraneum L. var. Bacchus Marsh grown in solution cultures which were supplied with copper but not with zinc have been traced during the first 40 days after germination. Increase in total dry weight was accompanied by a rapid decline in the concentration of zinc in the plant parts examined. Symptoms of zinc deficiency were recognizable in the third trifoliate leaf by the time the leaflets opened, 33 days after germination. At that time the concentration of zinc in leaf plus petiole had fallen to 14 p.p.m. in the dry matter. There was a continual net loss of zinc from the cotyledons. A marked increase in the amount of copper present in roots, and in leaf plus petiole, occurred soon after the addition of copper to the cultures 20 days after germination, but no substantial change was observed in the amount of copper present in the cotyledons or in the hypocotyl plus growing point. These latter tissues had previously lost small amounts of copper.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF MINERAL DEFICIENCY ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND ON SHOOT AND ROOT MINERAL PARTITIONING IN THREE SUNFLOWER VARIETIES / EFECTO DE LA FALTA DE ELEMENTOS MINERALAS SOBRE LOS PARAMENTROS MORFOLOGICOS Y FISIOLOGICOS Y REPARTICION DE ELEMENTOS MINERALES DE LA PARTE SOBRE EL SUELO Y DE LA RAIZ EN TRES VARIEDADES / INFLUENCE DE LA CARENCE D’ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX SUR LES PARAMÈTRES MORPHOLOGIQUES ET PHYSIOLOGIQUES ET SUR LA DISTRIBUTION DES ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX ENTRE LA PARTIE AÉRIENNE ET LA RACINE POUR TROIS SORTES DE TOURNESOL

Helia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (35) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
Mohammed El Midaoui ◽  
Ahmed Talouizte ◽  
Benbella Mohamed ◽  
Serieys Hervé ◽  
Ait Houssa Abdelhadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Deficiency ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Matter Effect

SUMMARYAn experiment has been carried out in order to study the behaviour under mineral deficiency of three sunflower genotypes, a population variety (Oro 9) and two hybrids (Mirasol and Albena). Sunflower seedlings were submitted to five treatments: N deficiency (N0), P deficiency (P0), K deficiency (K0), N and K deficiency (N0K0) and a control. Plants were harvested when they reached 3-4 true pairs of leaves. Growth parameters measured (height, total leaf area, root length, root and shoot dry mater) were all significantly reduced by mineral deficiency. Leaf area was most reduced by N0 (-61%) and P0 (-56%). Total dry matter was most affected by N0 (-63%) and by N0K0 (-66%). Genotype comparisons showed that Oro 9 had the highest shoot dry matter while Albena had the lowest root dry matter. Effect of mineral deficiency on content and partitioning of N, P, K, Ca and Na was significant and varied according to treatments and among plant parts. Shoot dry weight was significantly correlated with root N content (r2=0.81) and root K content (r2=-0.61) for N0 and K0.

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