Influence of pre- and post-harvest treatments on bitter pit of Granny Smith apples in the Goulburn Valley

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (31) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
BK Taylor ◽  
den Ende B van
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Efficient Control ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium Status

Methods of controlling storage pit of Granny Smith apples were studied in the Goulburn Valley from 1960 to 1966. Foliar sprays of calcium nitrate reduced pit but boron sprays did not. Most efficient control was achieved with three or more sprays applied between December and March. Residual effects from such sprays were not observed the next season. Foliar sprays of calcium nitrate increased the concentration of calcium in spur leaves but not in fruit tissues. Dipping unsprayed fruit after harvest in solutions of calcium chloride or calcium nitrate, or wrapping fruit in paper sheets impregnated with calcium salts, gave negative or inconsistent results. Such treatments did not usually alter the concentrations or amounts of calcium, magnesium, or potassium in fruit tissues. The concentration of calcium in all fruit parts declined as fruit size (dry weight) increased. Since pit severity also increased with increasing fruit size, the calcium status of the fruit, fruit size, and pit incidence were closely related. The concentration of calcium in mesocarp + endocarp showed the highest negative correlation with pit severity of any of the fruit parts, and this tissue was therefore the best indicator of the calcium status and pit susceptibility of the fruit. It is concluded that pit is not due to an inbalance between calcium, magnesium, and potassium in the fruit but that it is merely the syndrome of calcium deficiency in the apple fruit. No differences were found in flavour characteristics between pitted and sound fruit.

scholarly journals CULTIVAR VARIATION IN APPLE FRUIT GROWTH RATES, SORBITOL ACCUMULATION, AND TISSUE OSMOTIC POTENTIAL

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1070b-1070
Author(s):  
Dougles D. Archbold
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Uptake Rates

Absolute and relative fruit growth rates (AGR and RGR) of 5 cultivars were calculated from the oven-dry weights of fruits harvested periodically throughout the growing season. Both AGR and RGR were higher for larger fruit of different cultivars with similar days to maturity, and for summer- versus fall-ripening cultivars. Seasonal variability in AGR and RGR was observed, Apple fruit cortex disks were incubated in 14C-sorbitol solutions in vitro to determine if uptake rates at the cellular level varied between cultivars. Rates of sorbitol accumulation, expressed es μg sorbitol per mg dry weight cortex tissue, declined as the season progressed. Within a cuitivar, uptake rates were not relatad to fruit size, nor were differences found between cortex tissue samples from competing fruit on a spur. Sorbitol uptake rates were significantly lower for the more slowly-growing cultivar. The osmotic potential of the expressed cortex sap, sampled on several dates, was consistently lower for the more rapidly-growing cultivar. Thus, inherent differences in fruit growth rates among cultivars may be due to variation in regulation of osmotic potential.

scholarly journals Benzyladenine Effects on Cell Division and Cell Size during Apple Fruit Thinning

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 852F-852
Author(s):  
Paul T. Wismer ◽  
J.T.A. Proctor ◽  
D.C. Elfving
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Control Cell Division

Benzyladenine (BA), carbaryl (CB), daminozide (DM), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were applied postbloom, as fruitlet thinning agents, to mature `Empire' apple trees. Although fruit set and yield were similar for BA, NAA, and CB, BA-treated fruit were larger, indicating BA increased fruit size beyond the effect attributable to thinning. BA applied at 100 mg·liter–1 increased the rate of cell layer formation in the fruit cortex, indicating that BA stimulated cortical cell division. The maximum rate of cell division occurred 10 to 14 days after full bloom (DAFB) when fruit relative growth rate and density reached a maximum and percent dry weight reached a minimum. Cell size in BA-treated fruit was similar to the control. Cell division ended by 35 DAFB in the control and BA-treated fruit when percent dry weight and dry weight began to increase rapidly and fruit density changed from a rapid to a slower rate of decreased density. These data support the hypothesis that BA-induced fruit size increases in `Empire' apple result largely from greater numbers of cells in the fruit cortex, whereas the fruit size increase due to NAA or CB is a consequence of larger cell size.

scholarly journals 682 New Perspectives on the Influence of Mid-season Environment on Apple Fruit Characteristics

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 516C-516
Author(s):  
D.S. Tustin ◽  
T. Fulton ◽  
H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Crop Load

Growth of apple fruit can be described as an initial exponential phase lasting the 40+ days of fruit cell division followed by a more-or-less linear phase where growth is by cell expansion. Temperature is a major influence on fruit growth rate during the cell division phase, thereby affecting fruit size at maturity. However it is generally thought that temperature has less-direct impact on fruit development during the fruit expansion phase. Our observations of apple growth among regions and seasons of considerable climatic variability led us to speculate that temperature may impact directly on fruit development during fruit expansion but that responses may be interactive with carbon balance (crop load) influences. Controlled environment studies are being used to examine this hypothesis. Potted `Royal Gala' trees set to three levels of crop (one fruit per 250, 500, or 1000 cm2 leaf area) were grown from 56 to 112 DAFB in day/night temperature regimes of 18/6, 24/12, and 30/18 °C. All trees grew in field conditions prior to and following the controlled environment treatments. Treatments were harvested when 20% to 25% of fruit on trees showed the visual indicators used commercially to indicate harvest maturity. Fruit were evaluated using attributes that determine quality and that may have implications for fruit post harvest behaviour. Temperature and crop load influences on time to maturity, fruit fresh and dry weight, fruit DM content, fruit firmness, fruit airspace content and estimated fruit cortical cell size will be presented and implications discussed.

A comparison of ‘Empire’ apple fruit size and anatomy in unthinned and hand-thinned trees

1995 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Goffinet ◽  
T. L. Robinson ◽  
A. N. Lakso
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Apple Fruit

Ion Relations of Apple Fruit Tissue During Fruit Development and Ripening. I. Cation Leakage

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
IB Ferguson ◽  
CB Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Divalent Ions ◽  
Fruit Tissue ◽  
Fruit Development And Ripening ◽  
Ion Relations ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Potassium Leakage

Leakage of calcium, magnesium and potassium from discs of cortical apple fruit tissue was followed through fruit development and ripening. Leakage of potassium always exceeded that of calcium and magnesium and was little affected by the external presence of the divalent ions. Calcium and magnesium leakage was markedly increased by the external presence of either ion. In tissue from both freshly picked fruit and that taken from storage, potassium and magnesium leakage increased when the fruit was in an advanced state of senescence, but calcium leakage decreased. During fruit development, leakage of all cations was closely related to availability as expressed in tissue concentration. There was a marked increase in potassium leakage in association with the respiratory climacteric.

DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES OF THE APPLE FRUIT IN THE VARIETIES McINTOSH RED AND WAGENER: II. AN ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT

1941 ◽  
Vol 19c (10) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary MacArthur ◽  
R. H. Wetmore
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Cell Enlargement ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Fundamental Pattern

Growth in the various tissues of the fruit of a McIntosh Red and a Wagener tree, both self-pollinated, is compared. For several days succeeding pollination no increase in fruit size is apparent. Fertilization is followed by general cell division and cell enlargement. The period of cell division varies with the tissue and with the variety. Final cell size is reached first by the cells of those tissues near the centre of the apple. Impressed upon the fundamental pattern of growth is the localized activity of the primary vascular bundles, the cambia of which add cells to the ground tissue. Angulation in the Wagener is accentuated by this activity. With the exception of cells of the epidermis, final cell size is approximately equal in comparable regions of the two varieties. Differences in regional extent are due to differences in numbers of cells in that region.

Harvest date and fruit size affect postharvest softening of apple fruit

2002 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason W. Johnston ◽  
Errol W. Hewett ◽  
Maartem L. A. T. M. Hertog ◽  
F. Roger Harker
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Harvest Date

Influence of fertilizer treatment on apple fruit composition and physiology. II. Influence on respiration rate and contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and titratable acidity

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Letham
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Tissue Contents ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The respiration rates and tissue contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and titratable acidity were determined for apple fruit from trees receiving differential fertilizer treatments U, N, P, NP, and NPK (U, no fertilizer; N, 2 lb ammonium sulphate; P, 4 1b superphosphate; and K, 1 Ib potassium sulphate, per tree per year). The results obtained (expressed on a dry weight basis) are summarized as follows: Respiration rate: N > NP = NPK = U > P. Total nitrogen content: NPK > NP = N > U = P. Ethanol-insoluble nitrogen content: NPK = NP = N > U = P. Ethanol-soluble nitrogen content: NPK > NP = N > U = P. Phosphorus content : P > NP = NPK > U > N. Titratable acidity content: NPK > N > NP = U > P. The incidence of internal breakdown in stored fruit from these treatments has positively correlated with respiration rate per cell and negatively correlated with phosphorus content. Phosphorus content was negatively correlated with cell volume and respiration rate. Mechanisms by which phosphorus content might regulate the incidence of internal breakdown are discussed.

The effect of tree sprays of calcium, boron, zinc and naphthaleneacetic acid, alone and in all combinations, on the incidence of storage disorders in Merton apples

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Martin ◽  
TL Lewis ◽  
J Cerny ◽  
DA Ratkowsky
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Zinc Nitrate ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Mineral Element ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
One Year ◽  
Storage Disorders

The effect of four whole-tree sprays at monthly intervals on the fruit mineral element content and on the incidence of storage disorders in Merton apples was investigated for three years. Calcium nitrate, boric acid, zinc nitrate and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were applied singly and in all possible combinations. There were no significant treatment interactions, which implied an absence of synergistic or antagonistic effects between spray components. Calcium nitrate was the only compound whose application consistently reduced the incidence of bitter pit and breakdown following cool storage for 4 months. In one year NAA reduced the incidence of these disorders, but it also reduced mean fruit size and increased the concentration of most of the mineral elements, including calcium, in the fruit at harvest. Zinc nitrate sprays had no effect. Boron application promoted the development of core flush in one year and of breakdown in two years, but did not affect the incidence of bitter pit. No relationship was observed between the levels of calcium and boron in the fruit.

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