Effect of extracts of Dactylis glomerata on the in vitro digestion of Trifolium repens

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (57) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Clark ◽  
K Santhirasegaram
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitor ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Technique

White clover (Trifolium repens) was fermented in the presence of detergent extracts of thirty-two cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) cultivars and eight other pasture species, using a two stage in vitro technique. The in vitro dry matter digestibility of white clover was not depressed by the presence of the detergent extracts to any practical extent. The small depression observed was probably due to the presence of water soluble components of the pasture species. The presence of a detergent-soluble, metabolic inhibitor in cocksfoot cultivars, or the eight other pasture species, was not exhibited using the method described. The in vitro dry matter digestibility of white clover in the presence of detergent extracts of cocksfoot was not correlated with the digestibility values of the cocksfoot samples from which the extracts were made. This suggests that the wide variation observed in the digestibility of the cocksfoot cultivars (54 to 80 per cent) was not due to the presence of any detergent-soluble, inhibiting substances.

Relations between fibre and water soluble carbohydrate contents of pasture species and their digestibility and voluntary intake by sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (61) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Michell
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) levels were determined on 80 samples of known apparent dry matter digestibility (DMD) and voluntary intake of dry matter (DMI). The pastures consisted of regrowths of six species: Trifolium repens (white clover cv. Grasslands Huia), Lolium perenne x L. multiflorum (short rotation ryegrass c.v Grasslands Manawa), Lolium perenne (long rotation ryegrass cv. Grasslands Ariki), Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass cv. Tasmania No. I), Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot cv. Currie) and Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot cv. Grasslands Apanui), cut eight times between May 1969 and August 1970. Overall, white clover had a lower NDF and a lower WSC content than the ryegrasses but both groups had similar ADF contents. Cocksfoots had higher NDF and ADF, and lower WSC contents than the ryegrasses. NDF and ADF could be used to predict the DMD of all species in all seasons with residual standard deviations (RSD) of 3.0 and 3.2 DMD units (per cent) respectively. No significant relations (P < 0.05) were present between DMD and WSC content. Seasonal differences were present in the relations between DMI and chemical composition. The RSD of the overall regressions of intake with NDF, ADF, and WSC contents were 9.3, 9.4, and 8.9 DMI units (g/day/kg0.75) respectively. Within seasons, DMI was best predicted by regressions with detergent fibre content and here the RSD had a range of 3.4 to 5.2 DMI units. Within species over all seasons, DMI was predicted best by regressions with WSC content and the RSD had a range of 5.7 to 7.9 DMI units. The usefulness of the chemical composition measurements in explaining the reason for the low intakes, previously found with winter pasture, is discussed.

In Vivo Nylon Bag vs. Two‐Stage In Vitro Digestion: Comparison of Two Techniques for Estimating Dry‐Matter Digestibility of Forages 1

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Manson ◽  
R. S. Lowrey ◽  
Ian Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ellis Davies ◽  
G. ap Griffith ◽  
A. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Primary Growth

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

Gross energy levels in regrowths of six pasture species, and relations with digestibility and chemical composition

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Michell
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy

Gross energy levels and energy digestibilities were determined on 80 single species pasture samples of known dry matter digestibility. Crude protein, ash and ether extract levels were also determined. The pastures consisted of regrowths of six species, Trifolium repens (White clover cv. Grasslands Huia), Lolium perenne x multiflorum (manawa ryegrass cv. Grasslands Manawa), Lolium (multiflorum x perenne) x L. perenne (ariki ryegrass cv. Grasslands Ari ki), Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass cv. Tasmanian No. 1), Dactylis glomerata (currie cocksfoot cv. Currie) and Dactylis glomerata (apanui cocksfoot cv. Grasslands Apanui), harvested eight times between May 1969 and August 1970. The gross energy levels in pasture dry matter and pasture digestible organic matter were highest with white clover (means 4.64 and 4.98 K cal g-1) and lowest with the ryegrasses (4.50 and 4.80 K cal g-1). They were also higher in the winter (4.60 and 4.91), autumn (4.53 and 4.90) and spring (4.56 and 4.86), and lower in the summer (4.49 and 4.77). Relations between gross energy levels and chemical composition were weak. The strongest relation was with crude protein content (r = +0.41, P < 0.01). Relations of energy digestibility and digestible energy level in pasture dry matter, with dry matter digestibility had high correlations (r = +0.97, P < 0.01, and r = +0.92, P < 0.01) and were similar to previously published relations. However, seasonal differences occurred in both relations and, at low dry matter digestibilities, winter pasture had higher energy digestibilities and higher levels of digestible energy than spring-summer pasture. Species differences occurred in the latter relation and, at high dry matter digestibilities, white clover had higher levels of digestible energy than the grasses.

scholarly journals Fermentation and epiphytic microflora dynamics in sugar cane silage

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
André de Faria Pedroso ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Nussio ◽  
Solidete de Fátima Paziani ◽  
Daniele Rebouças Santana Loures ◽  
Mauricio Scoton Igarasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Alcohol Production ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Opposite Trend

Sugar cane silages are characterized by extensive yeast activity, alcohol production and great dry matter - DM - losses. Better knowledge of the fermentation process is fundamental to the development of efficient ensilage techniques for this forage. This study evaluates temporal changes in chemical composition, DM losses and epiphytic microflora in sugar cane silage. Mature sugar cane, variety RB835486 (12 months of vegetative growth), was hand harvested, processed in a stationary chopper and ensiled in 20-L plastic buckets provided with valves for gas release and a device for effluent collection. Laboratory silos were kept at ambient temperature and sampled after ½, 1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 45, 90, 120 and 180 days. Ethanol concentration reached 6.4% in DM after 15 days of ensilage, followed by 71% water soluble carbohydrates - WSCs - disappearance. Gas and total DM losses reached a plateau on day 45 (16% and 29% of DM, respectively). Yeast count was higher on the second day (5.05 log cfu g-1). Silage pH declined to below 4.0 on the third day. Effluent yield was negligible (20 kg t-1). DM content in the forage decreased (35% to 26%) from day 0 to day 45. The increase in ethanol concentration showed an opposite trend to WSCs and true in vitro dry matter digestibility reductions in the silage. Developing methods to control yeasts, most probably through the use of additives, will enable more efficient production of sugar cane silage by farmers.

Prediction of in vivo dry matter, organic matter, and energy digestibilities of silage in in vitro digestion techniques

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 787 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Brown ◽  
JC Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Digestion Time ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Twenty experimental silages were made from seven pasture species at different stages of maturity. In vivo dry matter, organic matter, and energy digestibilities of the silages were determined at restricted and ad libitum intake levels on standardized pairs of Merino wethers. In vitro dry matter digestibility determinations were made on ground frozen silage and ground oven-dried silage with and without a correction for the loss of volatile compounds during drying. Corrected in vitro dry matter digestibilities of ground oven-dried silage for a 48 hr rumen liquor digestion time gave the most accurate prediction of in vivo dry matter (r = 0.88), organic matter (r = 0.86), and energy (r = 0.74) digestibilities for restricted intake levels. In vitro digestibilities of ground frozen silage more accurately predicted in vivo digestibilities than did in vitro digestibilities of ground oven-dried silage without the correction for volatile losses. In vivo dry matter and organic matter digestibilities were highly correlated (v = 0.97), but both were poorly correlated with in vivo energy digestibilities. In vitro digestion of ground oven-dried silage with a correction for the volatile compounds lost during drying is recommended as a suitable routine determination for predicting the in vivo digestibility of silage.

Seasonal variation in the quality of a lucerne-based pasture and its relationship with morphological and maturity estimates

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Machado ◽  
S. T. Morris ◽  
J. Hodgson ◽  
C. Matthew ◽  
N. Auza
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Maturity Indices ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

To monitor seasonal changes in herbage quality, a lucerne-based pasture (Medicago sativa, Bromus willdenowii and Dactylis glomerata) was sampled in Argentina every 2 weeks for 28 months. The pasture was strip-grazed and samples were taken from the regrowth of a previously grazed strip, ready for regrazing, for which herbage mass was estimated with a calibrated rising plate meter. Each sample was sorted into dead and green components, and the latter subsequently separated into grass and lucerne, and then into lamina plus leaflet and stem plus pseudostem fractions. Similarly, at each sampling date, quantitative maturity indexes – mean stage by count and mean stage by weight – were applied to grasses and lucerne. Samples were also analysed for in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD), crude protein (CP), fibre and non-structural carbohydrates. The dataset was divided into morphological, maturity and nutritional variables. Analyses of variance by season for both groups of variables were carried out using year as a block. Multiple regression analyses were performed for each season between maturity indices and predictors of herbage quality. DMD, and consequently metabolisable energy (ME), was significantly lower in the autumn and CP was lower in the summer compared with overall averages, which were consistently high throughout the year (overall average of 11.5 MJ ME/kg dry matter and 20.6% CP). The sward had a higher proportion of lucerne during summer and autumn, than winter and spring (averages 59.3 and 48.8%, respectively). The highest leaf : stem ratio (2.82) was during winter and the highest green content (97.5%) was during spring. Grasses had a higher mean stage by count and mean stage by weight during spring–summer, whereas lucerne had a higher mean stage by count and mean stage by weight during summer–autumn. Morphological and maturity estimates predicted satisfactorily the changes in the energy and fibre within season, but CP content was not well predicted in summer or winter. These results provide the basis for tactical grazing practices with further calibration.

Influence of seeding time on the yield of white clover/orchardgrass mixtures in Atlantic Canada

1993 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fraser ◽  
H. T. Kunelius
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Seeding Time ◽  
Simulated Grazing ◽  
Clover Content

SUMMARYThe influence of four seeding times on herbage dry matter (DM) yields and clover content of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)/orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) mixtures was evaluated at Truro, Nova Scotia and Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island from 1985 to 1988. Sacramento, Sonja and Milkanova white clover/orchardgrass mixtures were assessed under simulated grazing (four or five harvests per year) over two production years at each location.Delaying seeding from May to August reduced total herbage DM yields significantly in the first production year, from 8·1 to 3·3 t/ha in Truro and from 11·0 to 7·2 t/ha in Charlottetown. Late seeding significantly reduced clover content in the herbage of the first two harvests in the first production year but, by the mid to late-season harvests, white clover content had increased to levels similar to those of the May seeding. Estimated white clover DM yields were highest in June, and dropped in the second production year at both locations. Sonja and Milkanova white clovers consistently outyielded Sacramento in herbage DM yields and clover content in both locations irrespective of seeding dates.

scholarly journals Failure of cellulolysis in the rumen of reindeer fed timothy silage

Rangifer ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica A. Olsen ◽  
Tove H. Aagnes ◽  
Svein D. Mathiesen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Low Rate

Three male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) calves were brought from mountain pastures in April and fed regrowth timothy (Phleum pratense) silage with 76% leaves and 24.0% dry matter (DM) ad libitum. The silage contained (on DM basis) 25.4% cellulose, 12.0% crude protein and 19-6% water soluble carbohydrates. After an initial period of 11 days the daily silage intake rose to almost similar values for all animals, but independently of food intake, body mass (BM) increased by as much as 13.3 kg for animal R3 during the first 21 days, compared to 4.4 kg and 2.8 kg for Rl and R2, respectively. At slaughter the wet weight of the rumen contents of animal R3 constituted 30.2% of the total BM, compared to 18.5% and 19.1% in animals Rl and R2, respectively. A reduced ability of the rumen micro-biota to ferment pure cellulose in vitro was observed in R3. The ruminal pH was 7.07 and the concentration of volatile fatty acids was only 50.0 mM in R3, indicating a low rate of fermentation. The initial rates of in vitro dry matter digestibility of timothy silage and standard hay were also affected by the rumen fermentation failure in animal R3. Depressed rumen cellulolysis, which may be related to natural periods of starvation prior to the feeding experiment, could have caused the low rate of fermentation and the large rumen size observed in this animal.

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