Response of onions (Allium cepa L.) to phosphate fertiliser placement and residual phosphorus on a Karrakatta sand

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Robertson ◽  
I. R. McPharlin
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Phosphate Fertiliser ◽  
Allium Cepa L ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Bulb Yield

The phosphorus (P) requirement of irrigated onions (Allium cepa L. cv. Creamgold) was measured over 2 consecutive spring plantings using superphosphate that was freshly-applied and applied 9 months before planting, at 0–800 kg P/ha on a newly cleared Karrakatta sand of low natural P fertility. The response of onions to placement of phosphate fertiliser (banded or broadcast) was also investigated. There was a significant (P<0.001) bulb yield response to level of applied P in all experiments. There was no significant effect of placement on yield although the concentrations of P in the youngest mature leaves and bulbs were on average 18% higher (i.e. 0.40 v. 0.34%) than in the broadcast treatment. A rectangular hyperbola described the relationship of P uptake by shoots or bulbs to level of applied P. Recovery efficiency (RE) of fertiliser P (P uptake by bulbs at rate i of applied P – uptake in absence of applied P/rate i of applied P) by bulbs after curing decreased from 0.43 at 50 kg P/ha to 0.06 at 600 kg P/ha. Recovery efficiency by bulbs at applied P required for 95 and 99% of maximum yield was 0.20 and 0.14 respectively. The level of freshly-applied P required for 95 and 99% of maximum relative yield over the 2 years (maximum yield, 80–100 t/ha) was 122 and 203 kg P/ha (Mitscherlich relationship, R2 = 0.82), respectively, at <10 g/g Colwell P soil test (newly cleared sites). The marketable (total – reject) yield was 94% and 92% of total yield at 122 and 203 kg P/ha respectively. Bicarbonate-soluble P extracted from the top 15 cm of soil was determined on residual P sites over 2 years where P was applied at 0–800 kg/ha. These soil test levels were related to bulb yield in a Mitscherlich relationship (R2 = 0.90). The critical soil test P values required for 95 and 99% of maximum relative yield, over the 2 years, were 50 and 80 g/g respectively. Phosphorus in the youngest mature leaves required for 95 and 99% of maximum yield ranged from 0.22–0.28 to 0.26–0.32%, respectively, from the Mitscherlich regressions, depending on plant stage (i.e. leaf number or days after sowing) although there was no consistent trend with age. Soil testing can be used to reduce current applications of fertiliser P without reducing yield. Plant testing can be used to monitor the P status and associated fertiliser needs of onions on sands. Both these testing procedures need to be verified in commercial crops with a wide variation in soil test P levels and management practices. Soil and plant testing could therefore be used to reduce fertiliser application and cost, improve fertiliser RE by onions and reduce fertiliser P losses to water systems on the Swan Coastal Plain. Changing placement from broadcasting to banding does not appear to improve the efficiency of phosphate fertiliser use by irrigated onions on Karrakatta sands.

Response of spring-planted lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to freshly-applied and residual phosphorus and to phosphate fertiliser placement on a Karrakatta sand

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 701
Author(s):  
W. J. Robertson ◽  
I. R. McPharlin
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Phosphate Fertiliser ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Whole Plants

Summary. The phosphorus (P) requirements of crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Salinas) were measured over 2 consecutive spring plantings using superphosphate that was freshly applied and applied 9 months before planting, at 0–600 kg P/ha on a newly-cleared Karrakatta sand of low natural P fertility. The response of lettuce to placement of phosphate fertiliser (banded, broadcast) was also investigated. There was a significant (P<0.001) head yield response to level of applied P in all experiments. There was no significant effect of placement on yield even though the concentrations of P in the wrapper leaves were on average 12% higher in the broadcast treatment. A Mitscherlich function described the relationship of P uptake by whole plants and plant shoots to level of applied P. Recovery efficiency of P fertiliser (fertiliser P uptake by shoots/P applied, both in kg/ha) by shoots decreased from 0.12 at 50 to 0.05 at 600 kg applied P/ha. Phosphorus recovery efficiency by whole plants (shoots plus roots) decreased from 0.13 at 50 to 0.05 at 600 kg P/ha. The level of freshly-applied P required for 95 and 99% of maximum relative yield over the 2 years (maximum yield, 89–112 t/ha) was 185 and 286 kg P/ha (Mitscherlich relationship, R2 = 0.93), respectively, at <10 µg/g soil test P (newly-cleared sites). The marketable yield was 82 and 92% of total yield at 185 and 286 kg P/ha respectively. Bicarbonate-soluble P extracted from the top 15 cm of soil was determined on residual P sites over 2 years where P was applied at 0–600 kg/ha. These soil test levels were related to head yield in a Mitscherlich relationship (R2 = 0.90). The critical soil test P values required for 95 and 99% of maximum relative yield, over the 2 years, were 81 and 121 µg/g respectively. Phosphorus in the wrapper leaf at early heading required for 95 and 99% of maximum yield was 0.40 ± 0.02 and 0.42 ± 0.02% (spline regression, R2 = 0.81), respectively. Soil and plant testing could be used to assist in reducing fertiliser costs, improving the efficiency of use of freshly- and previously-applied fertiliser P by lettuce and reducing P losses to water systems on the Swan Coastal Plain in Western Australia. Changing placement from broadcasting to banding will not improve efficiency of phosphate fertiliser use by lettuce on Karrakatta sands.

Phosphorus requirements of winter-planted lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) on a Karrakatta sand and the residual value of phosphate as determined by soil test

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 897 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR McPharlin ◽  
RC Jeffery ◽  
DH Pitman
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Whole Plants

The phosphorus (P) requirements of crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Oxley) was measured over 2 consecutive winter plantings using superphosphate that was freshly applied and applied 9 months before planting, at 0-600 kg/ha on a newly cleared Karrakatta sand of low natural P fertility. There was a significant (P<0.001) head yield response to level of applied P in both years. Phosphorus uptake by whole plants and plant shoots was related to level of applied P in Mitscherlich relationships (R2 = 0.88). Phosphorus recovery efficiency (fertiliser P uptake by shoots/P applied, both in kg/ha) by shoots decreased from 0.16 at 50 to 0.04 at 600 kg applied P/ha. Phosphorus recovery efficiency by whole plants (shoots plus roots) decreased from 0.18 at 50 to 0.05 at 600 kg P/ha. The level of freshly applied P required for either 95 or 99% of maximum relative yield over the 2 years (maximum yield, 86 t/ha) was 276 and 427 kg P/ha (Mitscherlich relationship, R2 = 0.95), respectively at <10 �g/g soil test P (newly cleared sites). The marketable yield was 82 and 95% of total yield at 276 and 427 kg P/ha respectively. Bicarbonate-soluble P extracted from the top 15 cm of soil was determined on residual P sites over 2 years where P was applied at 0-600 kg/ha. These soil test levels were related to head yield in a Mitscherlich relationship (R2 = 0.88). The critical soil test P values required for either 95 or 99% of maximum relative yield, over the 2 years, were 80 and 115 �g/g, respectively. Phosphorus in the wrapper leaf at early heading required for 95 or 99% of maximum yield was 0.59 � 0.03 and 0.61 � 0.03% (spline regression, R2 = 0.80), respectively. Soil and plant testing could be used to assist in reducing fertiliser costs, improving utilisation of freshly- and previously-applied fertiliser P by lettuce and reducing P losses to water systems on the Swan Coastal Plain in Western Australia.

scholarly journals 650 PB 022 DIFFERENT LETTUCE TYPES RESPOND SIMILARLY TO P FERTILIZATION

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 525g-526
Author(s):  
N.M. El-Hout ◽  
C.A. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
The Relationship

The production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) types other than crisphead (i.e., leaf, boston, bibb, and romaine) has recently increased due to expanding consumer demand. Fertilizer P recommendations for these lettuce types are largely based on soil-test calibrations for the crisphead type only. However, biomass production and morphological traits of the different lettuce types vary. Four field experiments were conducted to compare the relative efficiencies of these lettuce types to P fertilization. All lettuce types showed large yield and quality responses to P. Because environmental conditions affected yield potential, P rates required for optimal yield varied by lettuce type within experiments. However, the P rates required for optimal yield were similar over all experiments. Furthermore, the relationship between relative yield and soil-test P across all seasons showed a similar soil-test P level was required for maximum yield of all lettuce types. The results of this study show that soil-test-based fertilizer recommendations for crisphead lettuce may be adequate for all lettuce types

scholarly journals Response of Diverse Lettuce Types to Fertilizer Phosphorus

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Sanchez ◽  
N.M. El-Hout
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Southern Florida ◽  
Index Level

Four field experiments were conducted from 1990 to 1992 on Histosols in southern Florida to compare the relative response of various types of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) (i.e., leaf, Boston, Bibb, romaine, and crisphead lettuce) to P fertilization. All lettuce types showed large yield and quality responses to P fertilization. Because environmental conditions affected yield potential, P rates required for optimal yield varied for lettuce types across experiments. However, with the exception of Boston, the P rates required for optimal yield were similar when averaged over all experiments. Furthermore, the relationship between relative yield and soil-test P across all seasons showed that a similar soil-test P index level was required for maximum yield of all lettuce types. Overall, the results of this study suggest that existing soil-test-based fertilizer recommendations for crisphead lettuce are adequate for other lettuce types currently grown.

Phosphate fertiliser residues in wheat-growing soils of the Western Downs, Queensland

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Strong ◽  
E. K. Best ◽  
J. E. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Phosphate Fertiliser ◽  
Plant Moisture ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Extractable Soil

Effects of repeated annual application and residual effects of past phosphorus (P) applications were studied at Billa Billa and The Gums, Queensland, on 2 Vertisols representative of a large cropping area in this region. Phosphorus was applied annually at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 25 kg/ha at sowing to each wheat crop between 1978 and 1988. Phosphorus was also applied at 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 kg/ha as a once-only application, before wheat was sown in 1978, and was incorporated by tillage. Pot experiments were conducted each year with soil (6 kg/pot) gathered from field plots in May before wheat sowing to determine the residual value (RV) of previously applied P fertiliser under standard conditions of frequent watering. In 1979 the RV was determined in a second series of pots with a water deficit to simulate conditions of plant moisture stress that were to dominate the field experiments. The RV of P fertiliser was reduced to one-third that determined under well-watered conditions. Low residual values (8–47%) determined in the field in 1979 for P rates 25 and 50 kg/ha applied in 1978 were probably due to reduced P uptake from dry topsoil throughout which P residues were incorporated by tillage. By contrast, P applied annually at a low rate (4 or 8 kg/ha) in a band close to seeds created profitable responses when evaluated over the sequence of successive wheat crops. The bicarbonate-extractable soil test value (Pbf) on either soil fertilised annually for n years with P at a rate R (kg/ha· year) was described by the model where Pbu is the soil test value (mg/kg) of unfertilised soil.

RELATING SOIL TEST P TO P UPTAKE BY PADDY RICE

Soil Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 159 (6) ◽  
pp. 409-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. H. TEO ◽  
C. A. BEYROUTY ◽  
E. E. GBUR
Keyword(s):  
P Uptake ◽  
Paddy Rice ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Test P

Using soil testing and petiole analysis to determine phosphorus fertiliser requirements of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Delaware) in the Manjimup-Pemberton region of Western Australia

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Hegney ◽  
I. R. McPharlin ◽  
R. C. Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Versus Level ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
The Relationship

Field experiments were conducted over 3 years at 21 sites of varying phosphorus (P) fertiliser histories (Colwell P range: 9–170 g/g) in the Manjimup–Pemberton region of Western Australia to examine the effects of freshly applied (current) and previously applied (residual or soil test ) P on the yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Delaware). Phosphorus was placed (banded) at planting, 5 cm either side of and below seed planted at 20 cm depth, at levels up to 800 kg P/ha. Exponential [y = a – b exp (–cx)] regressions were fitted to the relationship between tuber yield and level of applied P at all sites. Weighted (according to the variance) exponential regressions were fitted to the relationship between yield responsiveness (b/a, from the yield versus level of applied P relationship) and Colwell P, and two P sorption indices—phosphate adsorption (P-adsorb) and a modified phosphate retention index (PRI(100)). A weighted exponential regression was also fitted to the relationship between the level of applied P required for 95% of maximum yield (Popt; also from yield versus level of applied P) and P-adsorb and PRI(100). A weighted linear regression best described the relationship between Popt and Colwell P. Phosphorus application significantly (P<0.10; from the regression analysis) increased total tuber yield at all but 4 sites. Marketable tuber yield response paralleled total tuber yield response at all sites and averaged 85% of total yields (range 63–94%). Colwell P gave a good prediction of the likely yield response of potatoes across all sites. For example, the yield responsiveness (b/a) of potatoes in relation to Colwell P decreased exponentially from 1.07 at 0 g/g to 0, or no yield response, at 157 g/g Colwell P (R2 = 0.96) i.e. the critical Colwell P for 95% of maximum yield of potatoes on soils in the Manjimup–Pemberton region. Similarly, no yield response (b/a = 0) would be expected at a P-adsorb of 180 g/g (R2 = 0.69) or a PRI(100) of 46 (R2 = 0.61). The level of applied P required for 95% of maximum yield (Popt) decreased linearly from 124 kg/ha on infertile sites (<5 g/g Colwell P) to 0 kg P/ha at 160 g/g Colwell P (R2 = 0.66). However, a more accurate prediction of Popt was possible using either P-adsorb or PRI(100). For example, Popt increased exponentially from 0 kg/ha at <181 g/g P-adsorb (high P soils) to 153 kg/ha at a P-adsorb of 950 g/g (low P soils) (R2 = 0.75) and exponentially from 0 kg/ha at a PRI(100) of <48 (high P soils) to 147 kg/ha at a PRI(100) of 750 (low P soils) (R2 = 0.80). PRI(100) is preferred as a soil test to predict Popt for potatoes in the Manjimup–Pemberton region because of its superior accuracy to the Colwell test. It is also preferred to P-adsorb because of both superior accuracy and lower cost as it is a simpler and less time consuming procedure — features which are important for adoption by commercial soil testing services. A multiple regression including Colwell P, P-adsorb and PRI(100) only improved the prediction of Popt slightly (R2 = 0.89) over PRI(100) alone. When tubers were 10 mm long, the total P in petioles of youngest fully expanded leaves which corresponded with 95% of maximum yield was 0.41% (dry weight basis). These results show that, while the Colwell soil P test is a useful predictor of the responsiveness of potato yield to applied P across a range of soils in the Manjimup–Pemberton region, consideration of both the soil test P value and the P sorption capacity of the soil, as determined here by PRI(100), is required for accurate predictions of the level of P fertiliser required to achieve maximum yields on individual sites.

Response of winter-grown potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) to applied and residual phosphorus on a Karrakatta sand

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
M. A. Hegney ◽  
I. R. McPharlin ◽  
R. C. Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Residual P ◽  
Soil Test P

Summary. The response of winter-grown potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Delaware), as determined by yield, to applied (broadcast) phosphorus (P) (0–480 kg/ha) and to residual P was measured on an acutely P-deficient, newly cleared Karrakatta sand in experiments over 2 years. Tuber yield responded significantly (P<0.001) to level of applied P. Phosphorus at 162 kg/ha was necessary for 99% of maximum total yield, which corresponded to maximum economic yield. For 95% of maximum yield 99 kg/ha was necessary. Phosphorus recovery efficiency by tubers (P uptake by tubers/P applied, both in kg/ha) decreased from 0.14 at 30 kg P/ha to 0.04 at 480 kg P/ha. Bicarbonate-soluble P (soil test P) extracted from the top 15 cm of soil was determined on residual P sites in each experiment to which P was applied (as superphosphate) 9 months earlier at levels from 0 to 800 kg/ha. These soil test P levels were related (R2 = 0.91) to total tuber yield. The soil test P level required for 95% of maximum total yield was 33 g/g and for 99% was 51 µg/g. When tubers were 10 mm long, the total P in petioles of youngest fully expanded leaves which corresponded to 95% of maximum yield was 0.7% (dry weight basis), and for 99% was 0.87%. These results, while based on responses measured at 2 sites only, provide strong evidence that maximum yield of winter-grown potatoes on Karrakatta sands can be achieved with lower levels of P fertiliser than are currently used in commercial practice (125–300 kg P/ha). The results also show that soil testing can be used to improve the P management of potato crops grown on the sandy soils of the Swan coastal plain.

scholarly journals Long-term Response to Phosphorus Banding in Irrigated and Nonirrigated Pecan Production

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1237-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Polozola ◽  
Daniel E. Wells ◽  
J. Raymond Kessler ◽  
Wheeler G. Foshee ◽  
Amy N. Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Application Rate ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
P Application ◽  
P Movement ◽  
Over Time

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of banded phosphorus (P) applications at differing rates in irrigated and nonirrigated pecan (Carya illinoinensis) plots on P movement within the soil, P uptake and movement within pecan trees, and the yield and quality of nuts. On 20 Mar. 2015, P applications of 0 kg·ha−1 (0×), 19.6 kg·ha−1 (1×), 39.2 kg·ha−1 (2×), and 78.5 kg·ha−1 (4×) were administered to bands of triple superphosphate to randomly selected trees in nonirrigated and irrigated plots of a ‘Desirable’ orchard bordered by ‘Elliot’ trees. When P was applied at the 2× and 4× rates, the total soil test P decreased linearly by 35% and 54%, respectively, in nonirrigated plots and by 41% and 59%, respectively, in irrigated plots over the course of the experiment. There was no change in soil test P over time at the 0× rate for either irrigation regimen; however, at the 1× rate, soil test P decreased 44% in the irrigated plot but did not change in the nonirrigated plot. The largest linear decrease of the soil test P from the start of the experiment to the end of the experiment occurred in the top 0 to 7.6 cm. In contrast, soil test P at a depth of 15.2 to 22.9 cm decreased linearly by 23% in the nonirrigated plot, but it did not decrease over time in the irrigated plot. Increasing the P application rate increased foliar P quadratically in the nonirrigated plot, but only the 4× application rate increased foliar P compared with the 0× control. In the irrigated plot, foliar P concentrations decreased linearly from 2015 to 2017, and foliar P concentrations were not influenced by the P application rate. No differences in pecan yield or quality were observed in either irrigated or nonirrigated plots. Overall, P banding may not be the most sustainable way to increase foliar concentrations of P quickly or to maintain concentrations of the nutrient in the long term.

Soil properties as predictors of yield response of clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) to added P in soils of varying P sorption capacity

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Yield Responses

Thirty-five unfertilised soils collected in south-western Australia were used to measure the effect of soil properties on (i) shoot yield responses of 50-day-old clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Nungarin) plants to applied phosphorus (P), and (ii) extractability of bicarbonate soil test P (slope of the linear relationship between Colwell P and the amount of P applied). Data for the relationship between shoot yield and the amount of P applied were fitted to a rescaled Mitscherlich equation to calculate the amount of P required to produce 50% and 90% of the maximum yield (P50% and P90%) and determine the curvature (c) and n coefficients of the equation. When the value of n is 1.00, the response curve is exponential, and as the value of n increases above 1.00 the response curve becomes more sigmoidal. The c, n, P50%, P90%, and extractability values were related to properties of the 35 soils.There was a significant (P < 0.05) trend for the values of c and extractability to decrease as the capacity of the soil to sorb P increased. Consequently, as the soil sorbed more P, the trend was that (1) more P needed to be applied to produce the same yield, so both P50% and P90% tended to significantly (P < 0.05) increase; (2) shoot yield responses to applied P became more sigmoidal so the value of the n coefficient tended to significantly (P < 0.05) increase; (3) more P needed to be applied to a soil to produce the same soil test P value; and (4) larger soil test P values were needed to produce the same yield. No single soil property adequately predicted P50%, P90%, extractability, c, or n. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that (1) clay content and P buffer capacity (PBC) of soil together accounted for 48% of the variation in P50%, 56% of the variation in P90%, and 52% of the variation in c; (2) PBC and soil pH together accounted for 17% of the variation in n; and (3) PBC, percentage clay and percentage organic carbon content of soil together accounted for 68% of the variation in extractability.

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