Auxin induction is a trigger for root gall formation caused by root-knot nematodes in white clover and is associated with the activation of the flavonoid pathway

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pokkwan Hutangura ◽  
Ulrike Mathesius ◽  
Mike G. K. Jones ◽  
Barry G. Rolfe
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Chalcone Synthase ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Flavonoid Pathway ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Auxin Distribution ◽  
Gusa Reporter Gene ◽  
Auxin Accumulation

We studied the expression of the auxin responsive promoter (GH3) fused to the gusA reporter gene in white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Haifa) during the initiation of root galls by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica) to investigate whether nematode infection affects auxin distribution in developing galls. In search for a plant signal that would mediate changes in auxin location we studied the induction of the flavonoid pathway because flavonoids can act as auxin transport regulators. Three chalcone synthase (CHS1, CHS2 and CHS3) promoter:gusA fusions were examined in transgenic plants and flavonoids were detected using fluorescence microscopy. Within 24 h post inoculation CHS:gusA expression occurred around the invading nematode. At 48 h post inoculation CHS:gusA expression and flavonoids were detected throughout the infection site, followed by high GH3:gusA expression in the gall 48–72 h post inoculation. Initially (48–72 h post inoculation) high GH3:gusA expression in giant cell precursors was followed by low expression in the enlarging giant cells (96–120 h post inoculation), suggesting that auxin is needed as a trigger for giant cell initiation but not for later enlargement. We suggest that nematodes control auxin distribution in the root and that flavonoids could be responsible for controlling auxin accumulation.

scholarly journals Differences in Feeding Sites Induced by Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., in Chickpea

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Vovlas ◽  
Hava F. Rapoport ◽  
Rafael M. Jiménez Díaz ◽  
Pablo Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Meloidogyne Species

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are sedentary, obligate endoparasites in plants, where they induce specialized feeding sites. The feeding sites act as strong metabolic sinks to which photosynthates are mobilized. The histopathological modifications in the nematode-induced feeding sites of artificially inoculated chickpea cv. UC 27 were qualitatively and quantitatively compared using five isolates of M. artiellia and one isolate each of M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica. All Meloidogyne isolates infected chickpea plants, but root gall thickening was significantly less for M. artiellia isolates than for the other Meloidogyne species. Nevertheless, neither the number of giant cells in the feeding site (averaging four to six) nor the area of individual giant cells was influenced by nematode species or isolate. However, the number of nuclei per giant cell was significantly smaller, and the maximum diameters of nuclei and nucleoli were significantly greater, in giant cells induced by M. artiellia isolates than in those induced by M. arenaria, M. incognita, or M. javanica. In a second experiment, M. artiellia-induced giant cells in faba bean and rapeseed also contained a small number of large nuclei.

scholarly journals Flavonoids Synthesized in Cortical Cells During Nodule Initiation Are Early Developmental Markers in White Clover

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1223-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Mathesius ◽  
Cathy Bayliss ◽  
Jeremy J. Weinman ◽  
Helmi R. M. Schlaman ◽  
Herman P. Spaink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Flavonoid Pathway ◽  
Nodule Initiation ◽  
Inner Cortex

We examined the site-specific induction of the flavonoid pathway before and during nodule initiation in white clover with transgenic plants, fluorescence microscopy, and microspectrofluorometry to test if flavonoids play a role in nodule organogenesis. A chalcone synthase regulated β-glucuronidase (GUS) transgene (CHS3:gusA) was up-regulated from 3 h post inoculation (p.i.) until cell division (around 40 h p.i.) in inner cortex cells underlying the inoculation site. Intracellular fluorescence occurred in vacuoles of those inner cortex cells from 13 h p.i. until the fluorescent cells divided. Fluorescence emission spectra of contents of individual fluorescing cortex cells were measured in situ and compared with emission spectra of compounds purified from root extracts. The fluorescing compound located in cells of the inner cortex after Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii infection was identified as a water-soluble derivative of 7,4′-dihydroxyflavone. Nodule primordium cells contained a different fluorescent compound, identified as the isoflavonoid formononetin. CHS3:gusA expression and flavonoid accumulation were only induced in inner cortex cells by a nodulating Rhizo-bium strain and by clover-specific lipo-chitinoligosac-charides, but not by non-nodulating rhizobia. Fluorescence was also induced by compatible rhizobia in other legumes such as alfalfa, pea, and siratro in the cells that participate in nodule initiation. Our results show that fluorescent flavonoids are useful markers in nodule or-ganogenesis in clover and may have direct roles in nodule formation.

scholarly journals Silencing SmD1 in Solanaceae alters susceptibility to root-knot nematodes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joffrey Mejias ◽  
Yongpan Chen ◽  
Nhat-My Truong ◽  
Karine Mulet ◽  
Stéphanie Jaubert-Possamai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell ◽  
Susceptibility Gene ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Specific Effector ◽  
Cell Transcriptome

SummaryRoot-knot nematodes (RKNs) are among the most damaging pests of agricultural crops. Indeed, Meloidogyne is an extremely polyphagous genus of nematodes that can infect thousands of plant species. A few genes for resistance (R-genes) to RKNs suitable for use in crop breeding have been identified, and new virulent strains and species of nematode emerge rendering these R-genes ineffective. Effective parasitism is dependent on the secretion, by the RKN, of effectors targeting plant functions, which mediate the reprogramming of root cells into specialised feeding cells. These cells, the giant cells, are essential for RKN development and reproduction. The EFFECTOR 18 protein (EFF18) from M. incognita interacts with the spliceosomal protein SmD1 in Arabidopsis, disrupting its function in alternative splicing regulation and modulating the giant cell transcriptome. We show here that EFF18 is a conserved RKN-specific effector. We also show here that EFF18 effectors also target SmD1 in Nicotiana benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicum. The alteration of SmD1 expression by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in Solanaceae affects giant cell formation and nematode development. Thus, SmD1 is a susceptibility gene and a promising target for the development of broad resistance, especially in Solanaceae, for the control of Meloidogyne spp.

CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OF JOINT DAMAGE IN PATIENTS WITH DIFFUSE-TYPE TENOSYNOVIAL GIANT CELL TUMOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena O Dyadyk ◽  
Anastasiia Hryhorovska
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell Tumor ◽  
Giant Cell ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Cell Tumor ◽  
Multinucleated Giant Cells ◽  
Diffuse Type ◽  
Association Coefficient ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor

Introduction: Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TSGCT) (synonym – pigmented villonodular synovitis) – is a rare benign proliferative lesion of the synovial sheath, localized in the joint capsule, bursa or tendon sheath and characterized by locally destructive growth. Depending on the prevalence within the joint elements, the presence of a capsule around the tumor, histophotographic features of cell structure and clinical behavior TSGCT can be divided to localized or diffuse type. The aim of the study was researching of histopathological properties of diffuse-type TSGCT, determine the parameters its morphological indicators and to find out the correlation between these morphological and clinical parameters. Materials and methods: The research material was used biopsy (resect) of pathological lesions from 50 patients who were diagnosed and histologically verified diffuse-type TSGCT. Microscopic examinations of the stained sections and their photo archiving were carried out with use of a Olympus-CX 41 light optical microscope. Group measurable parameters (mean values and Pearson tetrachoric index (association coefficient) were calculated in groups of comparison for morphological and clinical indices of TSGCT. The mean values were compared by Student’s test, P value of ≤0.1 was considered statistically significant. Results:Correlation analysis of indicators that accounted for the pairs of cases «clinic – morphology» revealed the relationships, that had the highest parameters of the association coefficient between such indicators: «presence of villous growths» - «severity of hemosiderosis» (if hypertrophied synovial villi available, with vascular injection and pronounced proliferation of synovial cells, there is also a significant accumulation of hemosiderin pigment); «presence of villous growths» - «type of predominant cellular proliferates» (if cells of TSGCT diffuse type consists of monotonous sheets of stromal cells, with uniform, oval to reniform nuclei, the proliferation of villi in synovial layer is non-distinctive); «presence of nodes» - «kind of stroma» (if nodes predominate, their histological structure is mainly represented by polymorphic clusters of synovitis cells in the form of cells, strands, chains, solid formations, among immature connective tissue with low hyalinosis); «cell size (area, cm²)» - «severity of haemosiderosis» and «cell size (area, cm²)» - «the number of multinucleated giant cells» (there is a pronounced deposition of pigment and accumulation of osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells type, although usually their number is relatively small compared to the localized type of TSGCT). Conclusions: Morphological parameters, that we have identified, characterize pathological changes in the tissues of TSGCT; careful analysis of the frequency of their occurrence in the different comparison groups made it possible to establish intergroup differences and correlations between individual indicators, which were previously unknown or not obvious. Our study was determine to analyze of incidence rates and correlation relationships, revealed some previously unknown differences and dependencies that are important for understanding the pathogenesis, improvement of diagnosis and prognosis of diffuse-type TSGCT.

scholarly journals Anti-IL17 antibody Secukinumab therapy is associated with ossification in giant cell tumor of bone: a case report of pathologic similarities and therapeutic potential similar to Denosumab

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Chandler ◽  
Meredith K. Bartelstein ◽  
Tomohiro Fujiwara ◽  
Cristina R. Antonescu ◽  
John H. Healey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Giant Cell Tumor ◽  
Giant Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Cell Tumor ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Giant cell tumor of bone is a benign, locally aggressive neoplasm. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment method. However, for cases in which resection poses an increased risk to the patient, denosumab (anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody) is considered. Secukinumab is an anti-IL-17 antibody that is used in psoriatic arthritis to reduce bone resorption and articular damage. Case presentation One case of giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) in a patient treated with secukinumab for psoriatic arthritis demonstrated findings significant for intra-lesional calcifications. Histologic examination showed ossification, new bone formation, and remodeling. A paucity of osteoclast type giant cells was noted. Real-time quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed decreased osteoclast function compared to treatment-naive GCTB. Conclusions Secukinumab may play a role in bone remodeling for GCTB. Radiologists, surgeons, and pathologists should be aware of this interaction, which can cause lesional ossification. Further research is required to define the therapeutic potential of this drug for GCTB and osteolytic disease.

GIANT CELL PNEUMONIA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 888-898
Author(s):  
J. M. Adams ◽  
D. T. Imagawa ◽  
Miye Yoshimori ◽  
R. W. Huntington
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Pathologic Finding ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Cell Production

In two fatal cases of measles the major pathologic finding was a pneumonia characterized principally by giant cells and inclusion bodies. The pattern was not dissimilar to that encountered in two cases of "primary pneumonitis with inclusion bodies," evidently not due to measles. The development of giant cells has been illustrated in tissue cultures infected with adenoviruses and measles viruses, and in ferrets infected with distemper viruses. Conspicuous giant cell production in the lung appears to be a rather general viral phenomenon, not peculiar to any one virus.

The mechanism of mouse egg-cylinder morphogenesis in vitro

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-287
Author(s):  
A. J. Copp
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Dependent Change ◽  
Morphogenesis In Vitro ◽  
Trophoblast Giant Cells

The number of trophoblast giant cells in outgrowths of mouse blastocysts was determined before, during and after egg-cylinder formation in vitro. Giant-cell numbers rose initially but reached a plateau 12 h before the egg cylinder appeared. A secondary increase began 24 h after egg-cylinder formation. Blastocysts whose mural trophectoderm cells were removed before or shortly after attachment in vitro formed egg cylinders at the same time as intact blastocysts but their trophoblast outgrowths contained fewer giant cells at this time. The results support the idea that egg-cylinder formation in vitro is accompanied by a redirection of the polar to mural trophectoderm cell movement which characterizes blastocysts before implantation. The resumption of giant-cell number increase in trophoblast outgrowths after egg-cylinder formation may correspond to secondary giant-cell formation in vivo. It is suggested that a time-dependent change in the strength of trophoblast cell adhesion to the substratum occurs after blastocyst attachment in vitro which restricts the further entry of polar cells into the outgrowth and therefore results in egg-cylinder formation.

Giant Cell Granuloma of the Temporal Bone: A Case Report With Immunohistochemical, Enzyme Histochemical, and In Vitro Studies

2003 ◽  
Vol 127 (9) ◽  
pp. 1217-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-Fei Tian ◽  
Tie-Jun Li ◽  
Shi-Feng Yu
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Giant Cell Granuloma ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
The Right ◽  
Histochemical Reactivity

Abstract A case of giant cell granuloma (GCG) that occurred in the right temporal bone is reported. The lesion showed histologic features identical to GCG. The multinuclear giant cells (MGCs) in the lesion showed strong reactivity with CD68, but patchy staining for myeloid/histiocyte antigen, α-1-antitrypsin, α-1-antichymotrypsine, and lysozyme. Activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was also consistently detected in the MGCs. Some of the mononuclear cells of the lesion exhibited similar immunocytochemical and histochemical reactivity as the MGCs. Ki-67 staining, however, was only detected in the mononuclear cells. The MGCs isolated from the lesion presented characteristic morphology of osteoclasts and possessed the ability to excavate bone in vitro. Thus, the MGCs in GCG appeared to express both macrophage- and osteoclast-associated phenotypes. The mononuclear cells were the major proliferative elements in the lesion and a subpopulation of these cells may represent precursors of the MGCs.

Giant Cell Poor Extra-Articular Diffuse-Type Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor With Extensive Desmin Expression: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall With Cytogenetic Confirmation

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-61
Author(s):  
Liurka Lopez ◽  
Karen Schoedel ◽  
Ivy John
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell Tumor ◽  
Giant Cell ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Cell Tumor ◽  
Diffuse Type ◽  
Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor ◽  
Diagnostic Pitfall

Diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumor can rarely present as an entirely extra-articular mass, which can be misdiagnosed as a sarcoma especially when giant cells are absent, dominated by large dendritic mononuclear cells, and desmin expression is extensive.

Lesions of the Enamel Organ of Developing Dog Teeth following Experimental Inoculation of Gnotobiotic Puppies with Canine Distemper Virus

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 684-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Dubielzig ◽  
R. J. Higgins ◽  
S. Krakowka
Keyword(s):  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Enamel Organ ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Experimental Inoculation ◽  
Enamel Epithelium ◽  
Viral Inclusions ◽  
Reduced Enamel Epithelium ◽  
Multinucleate Giant Cells

Ten 7-day-old gnotobiotic Beagle puppies were inoculated intraperitoneally with virulent canine distemper virus (R252-CDV). The dogs were killed and perfused with paraformaldehyde/glutaraldehyde from eight to 36 days after inoculation. The developing teeth of the mandibles were examined by light microscopy, and the teeth from three dogs were examined by electron microscopy. Necrosis of individual cells in the stratum intermedium of the developing tooth was the first change, detectable at day 9 post-inoculation. At day 16 post-inoculation, there was disorganization of the ameloblasts. In the stratum intermedium, multinucleate giant cells and large eosinophilic cytoplasmic viral inclusions were prominent. Ultrastructurally, these inclusions consisted of clusters of tubular aggregates typical of canine distemper virus nucleocapsids. At 28 to 36 days post-inoculation, the changes were seen in the reduced enamel epithelium. Multinucleate cells were seen, but no inclusions. Some necrotic cells were seen. In these teeth, ameloblastic cells of the root were morphologically normal. Our results suggest that distemper virus affects developing teeth by direct infection of the enamel organ.

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