Translocation of Manganese in Subterranean Clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. Cv. Seaton Park) I. Redistribution During Vegetative Growth

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
RO Nable ◽  
JF Loneragan
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
No Net Loss ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

The mobility of manganese from old leaves and cotyledons during vegetative growth has been examined by following manganese content and radioactive manganese redistribution in parts of subterranean clover plants grown into manganese deficiency. In plants transferred from nutrient solutions with 1 �M Mn2+ to solutions without Mn2+, the amount of manganese in the roots decreased markedly. During the same period there was no net loss of manganese from cotyledons and old leaves, although plants developed severe manganese deficiency symptoms in young leaves. Old leaves of plants given an early supply of 54Mn lost no 54Mn when the plants were transferred to non-radioactive solutions without manganese for 14 days. Silicon, which is known to influence the distribution of manganese within leaves of some plants, had no effect on the loss of total manganese or 54Mn from old leaves. Detached green, mature leaves lost 40% of their manganese within 24 h when aerated in water. If leaching by rain removes substantial amounts of manganese from leaves of plants grown in the field, this may account for reports of manganese mobility in plant phloem. The present results establish that manganese is not mobile in the phloem of subterranean clover plants during vegetative growth.

Manganese deficiency in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
AG Tyson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Healthy Growth ◽  
Matter Basis

Manganese deficiency of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) appeared in pots of a Kangaroo Island soil, the pH of which had been changed by the addition of small amounts of lime from 6.2 (the natural pH) to 6.3-6.5. As a result of this deficiency, yields were severely depressed. The symptoms of manganese deficiency in subterranean clover are described. Chemical analyses of healthy plants showed manganese contents, expressed on a dry matter basis, varying from 30 p.p.m. on a slightly acid soil to over 300 p.p.m. on a strongly acid soil. Plants in various stages of manganese deficiency showed only 4-25 p.p.m. It is suggested that, at the flowering stage, 25 parts of manganese per million parts of dry matter represents the minimum amount of manganese for healthy growth of subterranean clover. Applications of manganese sulphate to the soil at a rate of 56 lb/acre prevented the appearance of manganese deficiency symptoms, increased the manganese content of the clover to 35 p.p.m., and led to nearly a 20-fold increase in growth. Manganese deficiency in subterranean clover has also been seen in the field on Kangaroo Island and one sample examined showed only 9.4 p.p.m. of manganese on a dry matter basis.

Distribution of magnesium in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in relation to supply

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Scott ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Supply Current

The objectives of this study were to examine Mg distribution in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), to identify an appropriate tissue for diagnosis of deficiency and to establish minimum tissue concentrations associated with maximum plant growth. Plants were grown in solution culture with both discontinued (40 8M and 160 8M reduced to nil) and constant supply (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 8M Mg). Magnesium was depleted from old leaves when Mg supply to the roots was interrupted. However, deficiency symptoms occurred first on the young tissue under these conditions. Under constant but inadequate supply, initial deficiency symptoms occurred in old tissue. Symptoms in leaves were associated with Mg concentrations in the leaf of < 1046 8g g-1 with constant root supply and 586 8g g-1 when supply was interrupted. At luxury constant supply, concentrations of Mg tended to be higher in the older leaves than in the young leaves; the reverse occurred with inadequate supply. Tissue choice for diagnosis was not critical, but the minimum Mg concentration in tissue commensurate with maximum shoot growth varied from 740 8g g-1 for the unifoliate leaf to 1310 8g g-1 in the youngest open leaf (YOL), when plants were grown under constant Mg supply. Current supply of Mg to roots was reflected more rapidly in the concentrations in young leaf than in old leaf tissue.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

Competition between two varieites of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) as related to the proportions of seed sown

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 810 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Light Energy ◽  
Sampling Occasion ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Petiole Elongation

The Yarloop and Tallaroolr varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) xvere grown in swards in six mixtures, varying from 100% Yarloop/0%, Tallarook to 0% Yarloop/100% Tallarook, to find out whether the suppression of Tallarook by Yarloop consequent upon the greater petiole elongation of yarloop would still occur when only a few Yarloop plants were present. The swards were grown in large seed boxes and were sampled on four occasions during vegetative growth. Leaf areas for each 2 cm layer of the swards were determined separately for the two strains, and light intensities at each layer were measured at each sampling occasion. It was shown that Yarloop plants suppressed Tallarook in all mixtures. The relative amounts of light energy available to the two strains in the mixed swards left no doubt that the suppression of Tallarook was the result of shading by the taller-growing Yarloop plants.

scholarly journals Growth Changes of Subterranean Clover During Recovery from Phosphorus and Sulphur Stresses

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Bouma
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growth Changes ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Young subterranean clover plants (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Mt. Barker) were grown at several levels of phosphorus or sulphur supply and their growth changes examined and compared during a period of 7 days after transfer to complete nutrient solutions.

scholarly journals Some Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms Displayed by Dracaena deremensis 'Warneckii' under Greenhouse Conditions and Their Subsequent Effects on Leaf Nutrient Content

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-464
Author(s):  
Saulo J. Rodríguez ◽  
Héctor R. Cibes ◽  
Jaime González-Ibañez
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
White Band ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Necrotic Spots

Thirty well-rooted cuttings of Dracaena deremensis 'Warneckii' Engler, were grown in 3-gal porcelain crocks using a solution culture method, with differential treatments consisting of solutions deficient in either N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S, Fe, Mn or B. An extra set of plants received a complete nutrient solution for comparison. By the end of the experiment, characteristic deficiency symptoms of only N, P, Ca, and Fe developed as follows: A lack of N induced a reduction in top growth and a pale green foliage. Younger leaves tended to be long and narrow with wavy margins. They also developed black spots along the typical white band near the margin. The root system of such plants was abundant and fibrous. New suckers were weak and few. Phosphorus deficiency was characterized by a rosettelike arrangement of the younger leaves. Necrotic spots like the ones developed under N deficiency were also present. These eventually broke down giving the leaves a ragged appearance. Margin serration occurred in the younger leaves, specially in the basal portions. On the other hand, the mature leaves developed numerous rustlike pustules. New shoots were deep green in color and few in number. Growth of plants lacking Ca was drastically reduced. Young, as well as recently mature leaves, were affected by severe marginal serration. As the deficiency became more acute, numerous brown spots appeared along the margins of older leaves. As they increased in size, they progressed either toward the tips or the mid rib, finally involving the whole lamina. Rustlike pustules similar to those exhibited by the minus-P plants also were present in some of the oldest leaves of plants lacking Ca. New shoots looked weak with blackish leaflets Fe-deficient plants manifested a severe chlorosis, which appeared early in the young leaves. Some of the chlorotic leaves developed necrotic spots along the basal portion. As they increased in size the whole leaf was invaded. The concentration of the particular missing element in the leaf tissues was lower in plants grown with the element withheld than in the controls.

scholarly journals NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES OF ALLAMANDA NERIFOLIA

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 511D-511
Author(s):  
James L. Gibson ◽  
Jude Groninger ◽  
Sharon Wombles ◽  
Kathryn Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Greenish Yellow ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Nutritional Monitoring ◽  
Plastic Containers

Elemental deficiencies of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, or B were induced in plants of Allamanda nerifolia. Rooted stem cuttings were planted in 4.87-L plastic containers and fertilized with a complete modified Hoagland's solution or this solution minus the element that was to be investigated. Plants were harvested to measure dry weights when initial foliar symptoms were expressed and later under advanced deficiency symptoms. Deficiency symptoms for all treatments were observed within 6 weeks. The most dramatic expression of foliar symptoms occurred with N (yellow-green young leaves with necrotic tips), K (downward bending medium-green mature leaves with splotchy chlorosis), S (greenish-yellow young and youngest leaves), and Zn (young leaves with interveinal chlorosis from base to tip). At the initial stage, all nutrient-deficient plants had similar dry weights, when compared to the control. Dry weights of plants treated with solutions not containing N or P were significantly lower when compared to the control under an advanced deficiency. To help prevent the development of deficiencies, minimal critical tissue levels have to be determined for adaptation by the greenhouse industry for nutritional monitoring.

Nutrient potential and capacity. III. Minimum value of potassium potential for availability to Trifolium subterraneum in soil and in solution culture

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
NJ Barrow ◽  
CJ Asher ◽  
PG Ozanne
Keyword(s):  
Fine Root ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Free Energy Of Exchange ◽  
Solution Cultures ◽  
Very High ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Plants of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were grown in a range of soils until the supplies of potassium were exhausted. The potassium potential of each soil was then measured by determining the free energy of exchange of potassium for calcium plus magnesium. In soils of very high buffering capacity the potassium potential of the exhausted soil was about –6000 cal/equiv. In soils of lower buffering capacity the potential of the exhausted soil was higher but this may have been an artefact due to release of potassium from fine root material left in the soil at harvest. Subterranean clover plants were also grown in large volumes of well-stirred nutrient solutions which were held at a range of potassium concentrations. Again it was found that the plants were unable to take up potassium when the potassium potential was about –6000 cal/equiv. It is suggested that the potentials were similar because diffusion gradients were negligible in the exhausted soil and also in the swiftly flowing solutions. At potentials above –6000 cal/equiv. availability of potassium appeared to be greater in the solution cultures than in soils. It is suggested that this occurred because, in soils, the uptake of potassium causes the potential at the plant root to be lower than in the bulk of the soil.

STUDIES IN PLANT MINERAL NUTRITION: II. THE ABSORPTION OF IRON AND MANGANESE BY DWARF KIDNEY BEAN, TOMATO, AND ONION FROM CULTURE SOLUTIONS

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Leach ◽  
C. D. Taper
Keyword(s):  
Culture Solution ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Optimum Range ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Plant Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Kidney Beans ◽  
Nutrient Solutions ◽  
Iron And Manganese ◽  
Dwarf Bean

Dwarf kidney beans and tomatoes were grown in complete nutrient solutions containing various concentrations of iron and manganese. It was found that the iron to manganese ratio in the culture solutions must be within a definite range in order to avoid deficiency symptoms in the experimental plants. For the dwarf bean this range was 1.5 to 3.0, and for the tomato it was 0.5 to 5.0. Concentration ratios outside the optimum range produced either iron or manganese deficiency symptoms. Concentrations below minimum values of both iron and manganese always produced deficiency symptoms irrespective of the ratio of iron to manganese in the culture solutions. An apparent antagonism between the absorption of iron and of manganese was observed with both beans and tomatoes grown in nutrient solutions. This antagonism was also found to occur with onions grown in solutions containing only the sulphates of the two metals. It was further found that with onions growing in single salt solutions of the sulphates of iron and manganese, the concentration of iron or manganese in the solutions did not affect the amounts of the metals absorbed by the plants from the solutions. The combined amount of iron plus manganese absorbed appeared to remain constant irrespective of the iron to manganese ratio in the culture solution.

Studies on the nutrition of pasture plants in the South-west of Western Australia. III. The effect of sulphur on the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
South West ◽  
Pasture Plants ◽  
Pot Culture

Sulphur applied as calcium sulphate or sodium sulphate significantly increased the growth of subterranean clover on a number of sandy soils in pot culture and also on a gravelly sand under field conditions at Kojonup. In the field trial a significant response was also obtained in the volunteer annual, capeweed.Total sulphur in the tops of both clover and capeweed was markedly increased by sulphur application; the lowest values were observed in one of the pot-culture trials, where deficiency symptoms were most prominent. Some reasons are suggested for the earlier appearance of deficiency symptoms in the field trial, where the deficiency was less severe than in the pot-culture experiments.

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