STUDIES IN PLANT MINERAL NUTRITION: II. THE ABSORPTION OF IRON AND MANGANESE BY DWARF KIDNEY BEAN, TOMATO, AND ONION FROM CULTURE SOLUTIONS

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Leach ◽  
C. D. Taper
Keyword(s):  
Culture Solution ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Optimum Range ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Plant Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Kidney Beans ◽  
Nutrient Solutions ◽  
Iron And Manganese ◽  
Dwarf Bean

Dwarf kidney beans and tomatoes were grown in complete nutrient solutions containing various concentrations of iron and manganese. It was found that the iron to manganese ratio in the culture solutions must be within a definite range in order to avoid deficiency symptoms in the experimental plants. For the dwarf bean this range was 1.5 to 3.0, and for the tomato it was 0.5 to 5.0. Concentration ratios outside the optimum range produced either iron or manganese deficiency symptoms. Concentrations below minimum values of both iron and manganese always produced deficiency symptoms irrespective of the ratio of iron to manganese in the culture solutions. An apparent antagonism between the absorption of iron and of manganese was observed with both beans and tomatoes grown in nutrient solutions. This antagonism was also found to occur with onions grown in solutions containing only the sulphates of the two metals. It was further found that with onions growing in single salt solutions of the sulphates of iron and manganese, the concentration of iron or manganese in the solutions did not affect the amounts of the metals absorbed by the plants from the solutions. The combined amount of iron plus manganese absorbed appeared to remain constant irrespective of the iron to manganese ratio in the culture solution.

STUDIES IN PLANT MINERAL NUTRITION: III. THE EFFECTS OF CALCIUM CONCENTRATION IN CULTURE SOLUTIONS UPON THE ABSORPTION OF IRON AND MANGANESE BY DWARF KIDNEY BEAN

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 773-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Taper ◽  
W. Leach
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Manganese Concentration ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Optimum Range ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Iron Manganese ◽  
Nutrient Solutions ◽  
Iron And Manganese

Definite relationships between the absorption of iron, manganese, and calcium were revealed in experiments with dwarf kidney beans grown in complete nutrient solutions containing various concentrations of iron and manganese, and two concentrations of calcium. The effects of these treatments upon the leaf contents of iron and manganese were determined by spectrophotometric analysis.It was found that increase in the concentration of either one of the metals, iron or manganese, relative to the concentration of the other, in the culture solution, appeared to depress the concentration of the other in the leaves, regardless of calcium level in the solution. Further, increase in the calcium level appeared to depress the accumulation by the leaves of both iron and manganese, regardless of their concentrations in the culture solution and the ratio between them.The iron to manganese concentration ratio in the culture solution was a factor in determining the presence or absence of deficiency symptoms. With 42 p.p.m. of calcium in the culture solution, healthy plants resulted within an optimum iron: manganese ratio range of approximately 0.5 to 5.0, whereas, in the case of 143 p.p.m. of calcium, healthy plants resulted only when the ratio was 2, indicating a narrower optimum range for the higher calcium level. Iron: manganese ratios below the optimum range resulted in iron deficiency symptoms, and above this range, in manganese deficiency symptoms.The data suggest that a minimum content of each of the metals, iron and manganese, must be present in the leaf tissues in order that healthy plants may result.

Biochemical Indications as a means of distinguishing between Iron and Manganese Deficiency Symptoms in Citrus Plants

Nature ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 190 (4776) ◽  
pp. 647-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BAR-AKIVA
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Iron And Manganese

Translocation of Manganese in Subterranean Clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. Cv. Seaton Park) I. Redistribution During Vegetative Growth

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
RO Nable ◽  
JF Loneragan
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
No Net Loss ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

The mobility of manganese from old leaves and cotyledons during vegetative growth has been examined by following manganese content and radioactive manganese redistribution in parts of subterranean clover plants grown into manganese deficiency. In plants transferred from nutrient solutions with 1 �M Mn2+ to solutions without Mn2+, the amount of manganese in the roots decreased markedly. During the same period there was no net loss of manganese from cotyledons and old leaves, although plants developed severe manganese deficiency symptoms in young leaves. Old leaves of plants given an early supply of 54Mn lost no 54Mn when the plants were transferred to non-radioactive solutions without manganese for 14 days. Silicon, which is known to influence the distribution of manganese within leaves of some plants, had no effect on the loss of total manganese or 54Mn from old leaves. Detached green, mature leaves lost 40% of their manganese within 24 h when aerated in water. If leaching by rain removes substantial amounts of manganese from leaves of plants grown in the field, this may account for reports of manganese mobility in plant phloem. The present results establish that manganese is not mobile in the phloem of subterranean clover plants during vegetative growth.

scholarly journals The differential effect of the ions of three-salt solutions on the growth of potato plants sand culture

1928 ◽  
Vol 102 (718) ◽  
pp. 311-327 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Effect ◽  
Original Work ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Nutrient Solutions ◽  
Sand Cultures

A great deal of work has been carried out, mainly by American plant physiologists, on the effect of mixtures of three or more salts in varying· proportions on the growth of plants in culture solution. In Tottingham’s original work (1) a mixture of four salts was employed, consisting of seven ions; later the system was reduced by Shive to six ions. The plant employed in both cases was a variety of barley. In 1924 E. S. Johnston (2) published a paper on “Growth of Potato Plants in Sand Cultures” treated with the “six types” of nutrient solutions. In this work the six ions employed by Shive (3) were used, but they were utilised as combinations in varying proportions of the six possible molecular groupings giving six types of solution. As each series was in duplicate, a large body of data is available for a further analysis of the differential effects of the individual ions. In common with previous workers, Johnston was content to select, merely by inspection, the particular culture solutions which appeared to give the greatest yields.

Controlling manganese deficiency in sugarbeet with foliar sprays

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Last ◽  
K. M. R. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Manganese Sulphate ◽  
Mn Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Mn Concentrations

SUMMARYField experiments in 1987 and 1988 on peaty-loam, Mn-deficient soils of the Adventurers series in Cambridgeshire, UK, tested the response of sugarbeet to three forms of manganese fertilizer supplied as foliar sprays. The influence of a wetter and an adjuvant on manganese absorption and growth was also investigated.Cutonic and chelated forms of Mn, when applied at standard rates, were inefficient at increasing Mn concentrations in plants and alleviating deficiency symptoms during early summer. Mn concentrations in foliage increased rapidly after spraying with manganese sulphate, and most of the deficiency symptoms disappeared. These benefits were usually enhanced when manganese sulphate sprays were used with an adjuvant.Averaged over both years, yield without Mn was 8·83 t sugar/ha; the largest yield, 9·56 t/ha, was obtained with manganese sulphate plus adjuvant. Smaller benefits were obtained with the other forms of Mn. The adjuvant, when used with chelated Mn, appeared to depress sugar yields in both years. The likelihood of reducing the number of sprays required to control Mn deficiency on Fen soils was improved by using an adjuvant with manganous sulphate sprays.

scholarly journals 794 PB 062 THE ROLE OF PHOSPHORUS IN MAGNESIUM TRANS LOCATION IN MUSCADINES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 547a-547
Author(s):  
Creiehton L. Gunton ◽  
James M. Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Mg Deficiency ◽  
Vitis Rotundifolia ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Mg Content ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

The role of phosphorus (P) in magnesium (Mg) translocation from roots to leaves of muscadines (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) was investigated in shadehouse experiments. Vines of 13 clones were grown for two seasons in sand culture fertilized with nutrient solutions containing no P (-P), 20 PPM P (+P), and -P plus P added during the two weeks before harvest (-P+P). Leaves were sampled at the end of each growing season and in July of the second year and analyzed for P, potassium (K), and Mg content. Mg and K contents of roots were determined at the end of the second year. No interactions occurred between clones and P fertilization levels for Mg or K content, indicating no differences among clones in response of these minerals to P treatments. Leaf Mg content was slightly but significantly lower for -P than +P treatments in the `92 and July `93 samples but about rhe same in September `93. Root Mg content in September `93 was higher for +P than -P or -P+P. No evidence was found that Mg translocation from root to leaves was mediated by P. No Mg deficiency symptoms were visible on the leaves for any treatment.

Recovery of flue-cured tobacco from magnesium deficiency: changes in leaf magnesium content and effects on leaf quality

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinkerton
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Twenty-four days after being transplanted into sand culture outdoors, tobacco plants were supplied with nutrient solutions with and without magnesium. Magnesium at two levels was resupplied to some deficiency-stressed plants 6, 11, 16, or 26 days later, and all plants were grown to maturity. The value of cured leaf was affected adversely when the period without magnesium exceeded 6 days. Quality of top leaf, but not of cutters, was improved when resupply was made at the rate necessary for maximum leaf value when supplied throughout. Addition of magnesium at a higher level improved the quality of leaf lower on the stalk, but led to an accumulation of magnesium in top leaf with subsequent impairment of quality. It appeared that the leaf concentration of magnesium had to fall below 0.2% for a period of between 5 and 10 days for leaf deficiency symptoms to appear. The application of magnesium, even at a high rate, upon the appearance of the first symptoms of deficiency resulted in a loss of over 25% in the value per plant.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF THE H ION CONCENTRATION ON THE AVAILABILITY OF IRON FOR CHLORELLA SP

1925 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Hopkins ◽  
F. B. Wann
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Chlorella Sp ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

The data obtained in these experiments indicate clearly that unless the necessary precautions are taken to keep the iron of the culture medium in solution the results obtained by varying the H ion concentration will not represent the true effect of this factor on growth. The availability of iron in nutrient solutions has been the subject of numerous recent investigations and it is now known that iron is precipitated at the lower hydrogen ion concentrations, that the iron of certain iron salts is less likely to be precipitated than that of others, and that certain salts of organic acids tend to keep the iron in solution. In general, ferric citrate seems to be the most favorable source of iron. In addition to chemical precipitation, however, it is also possible for the iron to be removed by adsorption on an amorphous precipitate such as calcium phosphate. As this precipitate is frequently formed when nutrient solutions are made alkaline, this may account for the discordant results reported in the literature as to the availability of certain forms of iron. By omitting calcium from the culture solution iron can be maintained in a form available for growth in alkaline solutions by the addition of sodium citrate. In such solutions the maximum growth of Chlorella occurred at pH 7.5. The alkaline limit for growth has not been established as yet. In investigating the availability of iron at varying concentrations of the hydrogen ion, changes in the pH value of the solution during the course of an experiment should also be taken into account. This is especially important in unbuffered solutions. The differential absorption of the ions of ammonium salts may cause a marked increase in the hydrogen ion concentration, which in turn will cause an increase in the solubility of iron. In strongly buffered solutions as used in these experiments this effect is slight.

Effects of foliar application of magnesium sulphate on the quality and magnesium content of flue-cured tobacco

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (70) ◽  
pp. 677 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinkerton ◽  
PN Person
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Tobacco Seedlings ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Tobacco seedlings were not damaged by sprays containing up to 20 per cent magnesium sulphate, but deleterious effects on leaf were observed when several applications of three per cent or more were applied to full-sized plants. In an outdoor trial with tobacco in sand culture plants were supplied with nutrient solutions with and without magnesium. The effects of foliar application of two per cent magnesium sulphate on quality and magnesium concentration in the cured leaf were studied. Seven sprays applied at about seven day intervals raised the magnesium concentration in leaves by 0.30 to 0.40 per cent Mg. Five sprays applied after the onset of deficiency symptoms raised the concentration in leaves by 0.1 6 to 0.25 per cent Mg, and improved quality greatly compared with leaves from deficient plants. Application of one spray several days prior to picking increased the concentration in leaves by approximately 0.08 per cent Mg, but had an adverse effect on value. The value of the leaf from sprayed plants was never as good as that from the best plants supplied with magnesium via the roots only even though the magnesium concentrations in leaf were similar. The difference in quality was not attributable to deleterious effects of high sulphur content.

Root and root hair growth of oats: replaceability of calcium

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1655-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuomi Tanaka ◽  
F. W. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Root Hair Growth ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Oat (Avena sativa L.) seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions deficient in either calcium, magnesium, or potassium as well as in single-salt solutions containing each of these elements. Strontium was studied using a nutrient solution in which calcium was replaced by strontium.The absence of magnesium or potassium did not affect root elongation in media containing calcium. Solutions containing only calcium nitrate supported some root growth but growth was negligible in all other single-salt solutions. When calcium was replaced by strontium, primary root growth and cell elongation were significantly reduced. However, there were no other readily detectable morphological changes resembling symptoms of calcium deficiency.Root hair elongation was not affected by the exclusion of either magnesium or potassium from nutrient solutions, but calcium deficiency (sodium substitution) resulted in less elongation and in deformation. Of all the single-salt solutions, only calcium nitrate supported normal root hair growth. Although root hairs were not deformed, formation and elongation were considerably reduced in strontium-substituted solutions. Strontium, in mineral nutrient media, may prevent toxic effects of other ions but does not completely replace calcium for root and root hair growth of oats.

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