Roles of Carbon Gain and Allocation in Growth at Different Nitrogen Nutrition in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus globulus Seedlings

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Sheriff
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Biomass Increment ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Efficiency Rate ◽  
Foliar N Concentration

Potted Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. globulus seedlings were grown in sand with added mineral nutrients. Mineral nitrogen was added, either (1) only a small initial quantity (N1) or (2) regularly (N2). Other nutrients were supplied regularly to both treatments. Biomass increment and nutrient concentrations of organs and gas exchange of leaves were measured. Growth, foliage area, and foliar N concentration changed little in N1 seedlings, all increased exponentially in N2 seedlings. Partitioning of dry matter and nitrogen was unaffected by ontogeny or treatment in E. globulus, but changed with time in E. camaldulensis. Within a treatment biomass increase was similar for both species, but foliar biomass and area, total foliar N, and response of carbon assimilation to foliar N were greater in E. globulus. Effects of these on carbon assimilation were partly offset by higher foliar N concentrations in E. camaldulensis. Comparative growth rates of the species were not related to leaf area. Carbon assimilation and diffusive conductance were linearly related with different relationships for the two treatments. Intercellular partial pressures of CO2 were constant at c. 300 and 220 μPa Pa-1 in N1 and N2 treatments of both species. This indicates a controlling mechanism that maintained intercellular CO2 constant, but was affected by treatment. Instantaneous potential assimilatory transpiration efficiency [(rate of carbon assimilation)/(rate of transpiration)] and instantaneous potential assimilatory nitrogen use efficiency [(rate of carbon assimilation)/(N content)] of leaves (at saturating light) were similar in the two species and showed treatment effects apparently not caused by foliar N concentration. These efficiencies were generally high compared to values published for woody plants. A simple model illustrates the importance in predicting growth of accurately knowing: foliage mass, partitioning of biomass to foliage, and rates of carbon assimilation. Effects of small differences in carbon assimilation on biomass increment are shown to be potentially large because they can cause accumulation of large differences in foliar mass.

Nitrogen Nutrition, Growth and Gas Exchange in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Seedling

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Sheriff ◽  
EKS Nambiar
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Foliar N Concentration

Potted Eucalyptus globulus Labill. seedlings were grown in sand with added inorganic nutrients. Three treatments were applied: (1) inorganic nitrogen was added regulary (N2), (2) in a small initial quantity only (N1) and (3) after a period of N deficiency (N3); other nutrients were supplied regularly. Biomass increment, foliar nutrient concentrations and gas exchange of leaves were measured. Carbon assimilation, N uptake, growth, and leaf production and expansion were all greater at higher N. Partitioning of dry matter to roots and tops of seedlings was unaffected by treatment. Carbon assimilation and diffusive conductance were linearly related at saturating light and were positively associated with foliar N concentrations; intercellular CO2 partial pressures were constant at c. 246 μbar. The relationship between carbon assimilation and foliar N concentration was better when calculated per leaf weight than per leaf area. Dark respiration was positively associated with foliar N concentration. Following refertilisation of N-deficient seedlings, foliar N and carbon assimilation increased rapidly; about 20 days later N uptake declined and seedling biomass started to increase. Instantaneous transpiration efficiency [c. 5 mmol (CO2) mol-1 (H2O)] was not significantly affected by foliar N concentration or treatment. Instantaneous nitrogen use efficiency of leaves: (rate of carbon assimilation)/(leaf N content) was greater at higher N. In contrast to the literature, there was no simple relationship between nitrogen use efficiency of whole seedlings (biomass gain)/(nitrogen concentration) and seedling N. Instantaneous transpiration and nitrogen use efficiencies were generally high compared with values published for many woody plants. A simple model predicted that, with no environmental constraints, exposed mature leaves with high N (1.5 mmol g-1) assimilate 5.4 times more carbon than similar leaves with low N (0.5 mmol g-1). Night respiration of foliage is a greater proportion of daily carbon balance for leaves with low N. When environmental factors constrain carbon assimilation foliage with high N is most affected.

Growth and N status of Populus in mixture with red alder on recent volcanic mudflow from Mount Saint Helens

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Heilman
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Total N ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Foliar N Concentration

Eleven months after the May 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens in southeastern Washington, United States, three Populus clones were planted in an experiment on the Toutle River mudflow deposit. The trees grew at an abnormally slow rate and by 3 years were overtopped by a dense stand (14 600 ± 3600 trees/ha) of red alder seeded naturally onto the site. Over the 6-year period of the study, the total N content of the soil increased an average of 56 kg•ha−1•year−1•. Foliar N concentration in Populus increased significantly from a mean late summer – early autumn value in the 2nd year (1982) of 0.69% N to a value of 2.06% N at the end of the seventh growing season. The mean annual height growth of the largest Populus averaged <0.5 m/year in the first 3 years, increasing to an average of over 1.0 m/year in the 5th and 6th years. Fertilizer treatments with N (as urea) and N + P (as urea plus treble superphosphate) placed in the soil near the individual Populus at a maximum rate of 5.3 g N/tree increased height growth in the year of fertilization (1982) and the following year (the response in height growth for the 2 years totaled 64%). After 1984, no significant effects of fertilizer on height growth, total height, or diameter were evident. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased foliar N concentration (1.54% N with the highest N treatment vs. 0.69% N in the control) in the year of treatment only. Phosphorus fertilization had no significant effect on growth or foliar P concentration. At 6 years, only 2% of the Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray clone and 13% of the tallest Populus hybrid were equal to or above the mean height of alder dominants and codominants (6.2 m). Additionally, the diameter growth of Populus was severely limited: the trees had only 8% of the cross-sectional area of "normal" trees for their height. Results indicated that on sites of low N such as the mudflow, Populus may not compete satisfactorily in mixture with alder. Such behavior is in sharp contrast to sites of high N, where red alder cannot compete with Populus.

scholarly journals Fall-Applied Nitrogen Improves Performance of 1-0 Slash Pine Nursery Seedlings after Outplanting

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris M. Irwin ◽  
Mary L. Duryea ◽  
Earl L. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Field Performance ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
First Year ◽  
North Central ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Foliar N Concentration

Abstract This study examined the effects of supplemental nitrogen (N) applied to slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii [Engelm.]) seedlings in a north central Florida nursery. Treatments were applied during a 4 wk period during November and December, 1989, as follows: control (no fall fertilization—current nursery practice); low N (one application of NH4NO3 at 57 kg N/ha); and high N (three applications at the same rate). At time of lifting and outplanting, there were no significant morphological differences among the treatments, but foliar N concentration increased significantly in accord with treatment. Field performance was evaluated at five site-prepared locations. First-year survival of high N and low N treatments were 15 and 12% greater, respectively, than unfertilized seedlings. First-year heights of the high and low N treatments were 15 and 7% greater, respectively, than the control. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):111-116.

Simultaneous Effects of Foliar Nitrogen, Temperature, and Humidity on Gas Exchange in Pinus radiata

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Sheriff ◽  
JP Mattay
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Leaf Temperature ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Foliar N

Seedlings of Pinus radiata were grown in a glasshouse in large pots with sand as the potting mix. They were kept well-watered and frequently supplied with nutrient solutions which contained different amounts of nitrogen for different treatments. Carbon assimilation and diffusive conductance of the foliage were measured under steady-state conditions at saturating light in all treatments. Experimental variables were leaf-air vapour pressure difference and leaf temperature at time of measurement. Data were fitted to a non-linear regression equation to examine responses of carbon assimilation, diffusive conductance, transpiration, assimilatory nitrogen-use efficiency, and assimilatory transpiration efficiency to foliar nitrogen concentration expressed on a leaf area basis ([N]), to leaf temperature, and to leaf-air vapour pressure (D). Parameters from the regression have been used to plot three-dimensional surfaces, so that simultaneous effects of experimental variables can be easily visualised. Carbon assimilation increased linearly with foliar [N], declined exponentially as D increased, and had a broad temperature optimum between c. 14 and 38�C. Diffusive conductance increased linearly with foliar [N], was related to the reciprocal of D, and declined as temperature increased. Using climatic vapour pressure deficit and air temperature data for Canberra, ACT, and for Mount Gambier, SA, and with the functions that had been fitted to experimental data, it was found that these regional climatic differences have potential for appreciably affecting carbon gain and water loss in the regions, which have P. radiata plantations. Predicted differences in carbon gain are of the order of reported differences in stem growth in the regions. This shows the need to take into account regional variation in climatic variables that strongly affect gas exchange when investigating regional differences in productivity.

Variation in foliar nitrogen and aboveground net primary production in young postfire lodgepole pine

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1024-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica G. Turner ◽  
Erica A.H. Smithwick ◽  
Daniel B. Tinker ◽  
William H. Romme
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Aboveground Net Primary Production ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Net Production ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Foliar N Concentration

Understanding nutrient dynamics of young postfire forests may yield important insights about how stands develop following stand-replacing wildfires. We studied 15-year-old lodgepole pine stands that regenerated naturally following the 1988 Yellowstone fires to address two questions: (1) How do foliar nitrogen (N) concentration and total foliar N vary with lodgepole pine density and aboveground net primary production? (2) Is foliar N related to litter production and to rates of gross production, consumption, and net production of soil NH4+ and NO3–? Foliar N concentration of new lodgepole pine needles averaged 1.38%; only stands at very high density (>80 000 trees·ha–1) approached moderate N limitation. Foliar N concentration in composite (all-age) needles averaged 1.08%, varied among stands (0.87%–1.39%), and declined with increasing tree density. The foliar N pool averaged 48.3 kg N·ha–1, varied among stands (3.6–218.4 kg N·ha–1), and increased with aboveground net primary production. Total foliar N was not related to laboratory estimates of net production of NH4+ or NO3– in soils. Lodgepole pine foliage is a strong N sink, and N does not appear to be limiting at this early successional state. The initial spatial patterns of postfire tree density strongly influence landscape patterns of N storage.

Variable soil phosphorus effects on nitrogen nutrition, abundance and associated carbon costs of a savanna legume, Vachellia sieberiana grown in soils from varying altitudes

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
N. Makhaye ◽  
A. J. Valentine ◽  
Z. Tsvuura ◽  
A. O. Aremu ◽  
A. Magadlela
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Soil P ◽  
N Source ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Kwazulu Natal

Vachellia sieberiana (DC.) Kyal. is a leguminous indigenous tree that occurs in savannas of southern and tropical Africa. The tree is known to tolerate frost, which possibly accounts for its presence in in high-altitude areas. However, there is less abundance of this tree in high-altitude areas of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate if variation in soil phosphorus affected the tree growth and nitrogen nutrition, consequently reducing its abundance in high-altitude areas. Seeds of V. sieberiana were germinated and grown in the greenhouse in soils collected from three sites in the Van Reenen Pass area of KwaZulu-Natal Province (i.e. Zandspruit, altitude 1165 m; Wyford, altitude 1326 m; and Waterfall, altitude 1697 m). These sites had different V. sieberiana tree abundance, soil phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) nutrient concentrations. Although the nodulating rhizobia (Mesorhizobium sp.) in V. sieberiana root nodules were similar regardless of the differences in altitude as well as P and N concentrations, the total plant biomass and N source nutrition was altered. In this regard, V. sieberiana saplings grown in glasshouse conditions and in soils collected from Zandspruit accumulated more biomass, and relied on both atmospheric derived N and soil derived N. In addition, these V. sieberiana saplings had a higher total P and N concentration. The saplings grown in the Waterfall soil which had the lowest P and N concentration, relied equally on both atmospheric- and soil- derived N, and had an increased specific N utilisation rates and carbon construction costs compared with saplings grown in soils from the other two sites. The variation in soil P and N nutrient with increasing altitude affected growth and N source preference.

scholarly journals Foliar SPAD-502 Meter Values, Nitrogen Levels, and Extractable Chlorophyll for Red Maple Selections

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 468-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
William A. Dozier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Foliar N Concentration

Twelve red maple selections in an existing field trial were evaluated for leaf chlorophyll content with a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter, total foliar N concentration with a LECO CHN analyzer, and total foliar chlorophyll content (CHL) by N,N-dimethylformamide extraction. Selections included Acer rubrum L. `Autumn Flame', `Fairview Flame', `Franksred' (Red Sunset™), `Karpick', `Northwood', `October Glory', `Redskin', `Schlesingeri', and `Tilford', and A. ×freemanii E. Murray `AutumnBlaze' (`Jeffersred'), `Morgan' (`Indian Summer'), and `Scarsen' (Scarlet Sentinel™). `Franksred' and `Northwood' had the highest monthly SPAD-502 values in 1993 and 1994. Lowest SPAD-502 values were on `Redskin' and `Autumn Blaze' each year. Foliar N concentration ranged from 2.62% for `Autumn Flame' to 2.01% for Redskin. CHL levels on a fresh-weight basis ranged from 5.38 mg·g–1 for `Fairview Flame' to 3.94 mg·g–1 for `October Glory'. SPAD-502 and extractable CHL values were correlated (r = 0.45; P ≤ 0.001); however, the correlation (r = 0.15; P ≤ 0.38) between SPAD-502 values and total foliar N concentration was nonsignificant.

Genetic variation in growth, carbon isotope discrimination, and foliar N concentration in Picea mariana: analyses from a half-diallel mating design using field-grown trees

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1727-1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt H Johnsen ◽  
Lawrence B Flanagan ◽  
Dudley A Huber ◽  
John E Major
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Half Diallel ◽  
Foliar N Concentration

We performed genetic analyses of growth, carbon isotope discrimination (delta13C), and foliar N concentration using a half-diallel subset of a 7 × 7 complete diallel planted on three sites ranging in water availability. Trees were 22 years old. Heritabilities; general and specific combining abilities; as well as phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations were calculated using the best linear unbiased prediction and restricted maximum-likelihood methods. The four traits measured showed variable levels of genetic control. The calculated heritablilities for the traits were as follows: height, 0.39 ± 0.22 (estimate ± SD); diameter, 0.14 ± 0.10; delta13C value, 0.54 ± 0.26; and foliar N, 0.00. Phenotypic correlations were moderate (r = -0.35), genetic correlations were strong (r = -0.97), and environmental correlations were weak (r = -0.18) between height growth and delta13C. The strong negative genetic correlation between delta13C and growth supports earlier work with a subset of families indicating photosynthetic differences caused genetic variation in delta13C. Inbreeding greatly decreased growth while not impacting delta13C. High heritability, lack of inbreeding depression, and low environmental correlations indicate that a major proportion of delta13C genetic control may be relatively simple. Because delta13C is highly heritable, highly genetically correlated to growth, less environmentally sensitive than growth, and has the possibility of early selection, the trait is a good candidate trait for indirect selection for growth.

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