Growth and N status of Populus in mixture with red alder on recent volcanic mudflow from Mount Saint Helens

Eleven months after the May 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens in southeastern Washington, United States, three Populus clones were planted in an experiment on the Toutle River mudflow deposit. The trees grew at an abnormally slow rate and by 3 years were overtopped by a dense stand (14 600 ± 3600 trees/ha) of red alder seeded naturally onto the site. Over the 6-year period of the study, the total N content of the soil increased an average of 56 kg•ha−1•year−1•. Foliar N concentration in Populus increased significantly from a mean late summer – early autumn value in the 2nd year (1982) of 0.69% N to a value of 2.06% N at the end of the seventh growing season. The mean annual height growth of the largest Populus averaged <0.5 m/year in the first 3 years, increasing to an average of over 1.0 m/year in the 5th and 6th years. Fertilizer treatments with N (as urea) and N + P (as urea plus treble superphosphate) placed in the soil near the individual Populus at a maximum rate of 5.3 g N/tree increased height growth in the year of fertilization (1982) and the following year (the response in height growth for the 2 years totaled 64%). After 1984, no significant effects of fertilizer on height growth, total height, or diameter were evident. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased foliar N concentration (1.54% N with the highest N treatment vs. 0.69% N in the control) in the year of treatment only. Phosphorus fertilization had no significant effect on growth or foliar P concentration. At 6 years, only 2% of the Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray clone and 13% of the tallest Populus hybrid were equal to or above the mean height of alder dominants and codominants (6.2 m). Additionally, the diameter growth of Populus was severely limited: the trees had only 8% of the cross-sectional area of "normal" trees for their height. Results indicated that on sites of low N such as the mudflow, Populus may not compete satisfactorily in mixture with alder. Such behavior is in sharp contrast to sites of high N, where red alder cannot compete with Populus.

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Fall-Applied Nitrogen Improves Performance of 1-0 Slash Pine Nursery Seedlings after Outplanting

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/22.2.111 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 111-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Kris M. Irwin ◽

Mary L. Duryea ◽

Earl L. Stone

Keyword(s):

Field Performance ◽

Pinus Elliottii ◽

Slash Pine ◽

First Year ◽

North Central ◽

Central Florida ◽

Foliar N ◽

N Concentration ◽

Morphological Differences ◽

Foliar N Concentration

Abstract This study examined the effects of supplemental nitrogen (N) applied to slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii [Engelm.]) seedlings in a north central Florida nursery. Treatments were applied during a 4 wk period during November and December, 1989, as follows: control (no fall fertilization—current nursery practice); low N (one application of NH4NO3 at 57 kg N/ha); and high N (three applications at the same rate). At time of lifting and outplanting, there were no significant morphological differences among the treatments, but foliar N concentration increased significantly in accord with treatment. Field performance was evaluated at five site-prepared locations. First-year survival of high N and low N treatments were 15 and 12% greater, respectively, than unfertilized seedlings. First-year heights of the high and low N treatments were 15 and 7% greater, respectively, than the control. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):111-116.

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Variation in foliar nitrogen and aboveground net primary production in young postfire lodgepole pine

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x09-029 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

pp. 1024-1035 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Monica G. Turner ◽

Erica A.H. Smithwick ◽

Daniel B. Tinker ◽

William H. Romme

Keyword(s):

Primary Production ◽

Net Primary Production ◽

Lodgepole Pine ◽

Tree Density ◽

Aboveground Net Primary Production ◽

Foliar Nitrogen ◽

Net Production ◽

Foliar N ◽

N Concentration ◽

Foliar N Concentration

Understanding nutrient dynamics of young postfire forests may yield important insights about how stands develop following stand-replacing wildfires. We studied 15-year-old lodgepole pine stands that regenerated naturally following the 1988 Yellowstone fires to address two questions: (1) How do foliar nitrogen (N) concentration and total foliar N vary with lodgepole pine density and aboveground net primary production? (2) Is foliar N related to litter production and to rates of gross production, consumption, and net production of soil NH4+ and NO3–? Foliar N concentration of new lodgepole pine needles averaged 1.38%; only stands at very high density (>80 000 trees·ha–1) approached moderate N limitation. Foliar N concentration in composite (all-age) needles averaged 1.08%, varied among stands (0.87%–1.39%), and declined with increasing tree density. The foliar N pool averaged 48.3 kg N·ha–1, varied among stands (3.6–218.4 kg N·ha–1), and increased with aboveground net primary production. Total foliar N was not related to laboratory estimates of net production of NH4+ or NO3– in soils. Lodgepole pine foliage is a strong N sink, and N does not appear to be limiting at this early successional state. The initial spatial patterns of postfire tree density strongly influence landscape patterns of N storage.

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Nitrogen Nutrition, Growth and Gas Exchange in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Seedling

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9910037 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 37 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

DW Sheriff ◽

EKS Nambiar

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽

Eucalyptus Globulus ◽

N Uptake ◽

Carbon Assimilation ◽

Nitrogen Use ◽

Foliar N ◽

N Concentration ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Foliar N Concentration

Potted Eucalyptus globulus Labill. seedlings were grown in sand with added inorganic nutrients. Three treatments were applied: (1) inorganic nitrogen was added regulary (N2), (2) in a small initial quantity only (N1) and (3) after a period of N deficiency (N3); other nutrients were supplied regularly. Biomass increment, foliar nutrient concentrations and gas exchange of leaves were measured. Carbon assimilation, N uptake, growth, and leaf production and expansion were all greater at higher N. Partitioning of dry matter to roots and tops of seedlings was unaffected by treatment. Carbon assimilation and diffusive conductance were linearly related at saturating light and were positively associated with foliar N concentrations; intercellular CO2 partial pressures were constant at c. 246 μbar. The relationship between carbon assimilation and foliar N concentration was better when calculated per leaf weight than per leaf area. Dark respiration was positively associated with foliar N concentration. Following refertilisation of N-deficient seedlings, foliar N and carbon assimilation increased rapidly; about 20 days later N uptake declined and seedling biomass started to increase. Instantaneous transpiration efficiency [c. 5 mmol (CO2) mol-1 (H2O)] was not significantly affected by foliar N concentration or treatment. Instantaneous nitrogen use efficiency of leaves: (rate of carbon assimilation)/(leaf N content) was greater at higher N. In contrast to the literature, there was no simple relationship between nitrogen use efficiency of whole seedlings (biomass gain)/(nitrogen concentration) and seedling N. Instantaneous transpiration and nitrogen use efficiencies were generally high compared with values published for many woody plants. A simple model predicted that, with no environmental constraints, exposed mature leaves with high N (1.5 mmol g-1) assimilate 5.4 times more carbon than similar leaves with low N (0.5 mmol g-1). Night respiration of foliage is a greater proportion of daily carbon balance for leaves with low N. When environmental factors constrain carbon assimilation foliage with high N is most affected.

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1000 Families Study, a UK multiwave cohort investigating the well-being of families of children with intellectual disabilities: cohort profile

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032919 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. e032919 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Richard P Hastings ◽

Vasiliki Totsika ◽

Nikita K Hayden ◽

Caitlin A Murray ◽

Mikeda Jess ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Primary Caregivers ◽

Well Being ◽

Policy And Practice ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Total N ◽

Telephone Interviews ◽

The Mean ◽

Research Questions ◽

Degree Level

PurposeThe 1000 Families Study is a large, UK-based, cohort of families of children with intellectual disability (ID). The main use of the cohort data will be to describe and explore correlates of the well-being of families of children with ID, including parents and siblings, using cross-sectional and (eventually) longitudinal analyses. The present cohort profile intends to describe the achieved cohort.ParticipantsOver 1000 families of UK children with ID aged between 4 and 15 years 11 months (total n=1184) have been recruited. The mean age of the cohort was 9.01 years old. The cohort includes more boys (61.8%) than girls (27.0%; missing 11.1%). Parents reported that 45.5% (n=539) of the children have autism. Most respondents were a female primary caregiver (84.9%), and 78.0% were the biological mother of the cohort child with ID. The largest ethnic group for primary caregivers was White British (78.5%), over half were married and living with their partner (53.3%) and 39.3% were educated to degree level.Findings to dateData were collected on family, parental and child well-being, as well as demographic information. Wave 1 data collection took place between November 2015 and January 2017, primarily through online questionnaires. Telephone interviews were also completed by 644 primary caregivers.Future plansWave 2 data collection is ongoing and the research team will continue following up these families in subsequent waves, subject to funding availability. Results will be used to inform policy and practice on family and child well-being in families of children with ID. As this cohort profile aims to describe the cohort, future publications will explore relevant research questions and report key findings related to family well-being.

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Roles of Carbon Gain and Allocation in Growth at Different Nitrogen Nutrition in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus globulus Seedlings

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9920637 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 637 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

DW Sheriff

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Nutrition ◽

Carbon Assimilation ◽

Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Carbon Gain ◽

Foliar N ◽

Biomass Increment ◽

N Concentration ◽

Efficiency Rate ◽

Foliar N Concentration

Potted Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. globulus seedlings were grown in sand with added mineral nutrients. Mineral nitrogen was added, either (1) only a small initial quantity (N1) or (2) regularly (N2). Other nutrients were supplied regularly to both treatments. Biomass increment and nutrient concentrations of organs and gas exchange of leaves were measured. Growth, foliage area, and foliar N concentration changed little in N1 seedlings, all increased exponentially in N2 seedlings. Partitioning of dry matter and nitrogen was unaffected by ontogeny or treatment in E. globulus, but changed with time in E. camaldulensis. Within a treatment biomass increase was similar for both species, but foliar biomass and area, total foliar N, and response of carbon assimilation to foliar N were greater in E. globulus. Effects of these on carbon assimilation were partly offset by higher foliar N concentrations in E. camaldulensis. Comparative growth rates of the species were not related to leaf area. Carbon assimilation and diffusive conductance were linearly related with different relationships for the two treatments. Intercellular partial pressures of CO2 were constant at c. 300 and 220 μPa Pa-1 in N1 and N2 treatments of both species. This indicates a controlling mechanism that maintained intercellular CO2 constant, but was affected by treatment. Instantaneous potential assimilatory transpiration efficiency [(rate of carbon assimilation)/(rate of transpiration)] and instantaneous potential assimilatory nitrogen use efficiency [(rate of carbon assimilation)/(N content)] of leaves (at saturating light) were similar in the two species and showed treatment effects apparently not caused by foliar N concentration. These efficiencies were generally high compared to values published for woody plants. A simple model illustrates the importance in predicting growth of accurately knowing: foliage mass, partitioning of biomass to foliage, and rates of carbon assimilation. Effects of small differences in carbon assimilation on biomass increment are shown to be potentially large because they can cause accumulation of large differences in foliar mass.

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Foliar SPAD-502 Meter Values, Nitrogen Levels, and Extractable Chlorophyll for Red Maple Selections

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.3.468 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 468-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Jeff L. Sibley ◽

D. Joseph Eakes ◽

Charles H. Gilliam ◽

Gary J. Keever ◽

William A. Dozier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Red Maple ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Fresh Weight Basis ◽

Nitrogen Levels ◽

Foliar N ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll ◽

N Concentration ◽

Foliar N Concentration

Twelve red maple selections in an existing field trial were evaluated for leaf chlorophyll content with a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter, total foliar N concentration with a LECO CHN analyzer, and total foliar chlorophyll content (CHL) by N,N-dimethylformamide extraction. Selections included Acer rubrum L. `Autumn Flame', `Fairview Flame', `Franksred' (Red Sunset™), `Karpick', `Northwood', `October Glory', `Redskin', `Schlesingeri', and `Tilford', and A. ×freemanii E. Murray `AutumnBlaze' (`Jeffersred'), `Morgan' (`Indian Summer'), and `Scarsen' (Scarlet Sentinel™). `Franksred' and `Northwood' had the highest monthly SPAD-502 values in 1993 and 1994. Lowest SPAD-502 values were on `Redskin' and `Autumn Blaze' each year. Foliar N concentration ranged from 2.62% for `Autumn Flame' to 2.01% for Redskin. CHL levels on a fresh-weight basis ranged from 5.38 mg·g–1 for `Fairview Flame' to 3.94 mg·g–1 for `October Glory'. SPAD-502 and extractable CHL values were correlated (r = 0.45; P ≤ 0.001); however, the correlation (r = 0.15; P ≤ 0.38) between SPAD-502 values and total foliar N concentration was nonsignificant.

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Leaf-to-fruit ratio affects the impact of foliar-applied nitrogen on N accumulation in the grape must

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2016.50.1.55 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 23 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Thibaut Verdenal ◽

Jorge E. Spangenberg ◽

Vivian Zufferey ◽

Fabrice Lorenzini ◽

Agnes Dienes-Nagy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Management Practices ◽

Canopy Height ◽

N Recovery ◽

Total N ◽

Foliar N ◽

N Concentration ◽

N Partitioning ◽

The Impact ◽

Foliar Urea

Aims: Agroscope investigated the impact of the leaf-to-fruit ratio on nitrogen (N) partitioning in grapevine following a foliar urea application with the aim of increasing the yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) concentration in the must. Methods and results: Foliar urea was applied to field-grown Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chasselas grapevines as part of a split-plot trial with two variable parameters: canopy height (90 or 150 cm) and fruit load (5 or 10 clusters per vine). Foliar application of 20 kg/ha of 15N-labelled urea (10 atom% 15N) was performed at veraison. The isotope labelling method allowed to observe foliar-N partitioning in the plant at harvest. The leaf-to-fruit ratio varied between 0.4 and 1.6 m2/kg, and strongly impacted the N partitioning in the grapevines. Total N and foliar-N partitioning was mainly affected by the variation of canopy height. The YAN concentration varied from 143 to 230 mg/L (+60 %) depending on the leaf area. An oversized canopy (+31 %DW) induced a decrease in the total N concentration of all organs (-17 %), and a decrease in YAN quantity in the must in particular (-53 %). A negative correlation between the N concentration and the carbon isotope discrimination (CID) could be pointed out in a condition of no water restriction (e.g., R2 = 0.65 in the must).Conclusion: An excessive leaf area can induce YAN deficiency in the must. Thus, a balanced leaf-to-fruit ratio – between 1 and 1.2 m2/kg – should be maintained to guarantee grape maturity, YAN accumulation in the must and N recovery in the reserve organs. Significance and impact of the study: The results of this study encourage further research to understand the role of other physiological parameters that affect N partitioning in the grapevine – YAN accumulation in the must in particular – and add new perspectives for N management practices in the vineyard.

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Genetic variation in growth, carbon isotope discrimination, and foliar N concentration in Picea mariana: analyses from a half-diallel mating design using field-grown trees

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x99-144 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 29 (11) ◽

pp. 1727-1735 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Kurt H Johnsen ◽

Lawrence B Flanagan ◽

Dudley A Huber ◽

John E Major

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Genetic Control ◽

Carbon Isotope ◽

Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽

Environmental Correlations ◽

Isotope Discrimination ◽

Foliar N ◽

N Concentration ◽

Half Diallel ◽

Foliar N Concentration

We performed genetic analyses of growth, carbon isotope discrimination (delta13C), and foliar N concentration using a half-diallel subset of a 7 × 7 complete diallel planted on three sites ranging in water availability. Trees were 22 years old. Heritabilities; general and specific combining abilities; as well as phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations were calculated using the best linear unbiased prediction and restricted maximum-likelihood methods. The four traits measured showed variable levels of genetic control. The calculated heritablilities for the traits were as follows: height, 0.39 ± 0.22 (estimate ± SD); diameter, 0.14 ± 0.10; delta13C value, 0.54 ± 0.26; and foliar N, 0.00. Phenotypic correlations were moderate (r = -0.35), genetic correlations were strong (r = -0.97), and environmental correlations were weak (r = -0.18) between height growth and delta13C. The strong negative genetic correlation between delta13C and growth supports earlier work with a subset of families indicating photosynthetic differences caused genetic variation in delta13C. Inbreeding greatly decreased growth while not impacting delta13C. High heritability, lack of inbreeding depression, and low environmental correlations indicate that a major proportion of delta13C genetic control may be relatively simple. Because delta13C is highly heritable, highly genetically correlated to growth, less environmentally sensitive than growth, and has the possibility of early selection, the trait is a good candidate trait for indirect selection for growth.

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