Cryptic male choice: experimental evidence of sperm sex ratio and seminal fluid adjustment in relation to coital rate

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Edwards ◽  
E. Z. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Lower Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Maternal Manipulation ◽  
Seminal Fluids

The differential allocation hypothesis suggests that a mother should adjust the sex of offspring in relation to her mate’s attractiveness, thereby increasing future reproductive fitness when her sons inherit the attractive traits. More attractive males have been shown to sire more sons, but it is possible that the sex ratio skew could be a result of paternal rather than maternal manipulation, which would be a more parsimonious explanation. We manipulated coital rate (an indicator of attractiveness) in laboratory mice and showed that males that mate more often have higher levels of glucose in their semen despite lower blood glucose levels. Since peri-conceptual glucose levels in utero increase male conceptus survival, this could result in male-biased sex ratios. The males that mated most also had more remaining X-chromosome-bearing-spermatozoa, suggesting depletion of Y-chromosome-bearing-spermatozoa during mating. We hypothesise that males may alter both seminal fluids and X : Y ratios in an ejaculate to influence subsequent sex ratios. Our results further support a paternal role in sex allocation.

scholarly journals Role of POMC and AgRP neuronal activities on glycaemia in mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aykut Göktürk Üner ◽  
Onur Keçik ◽  
Paula G. F. Quaresma ◽  
Thiago M. De Araujo ◽  
Hyon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Designer Drugs ◽  
Lower Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract Leptin regulates both feeding and glycaemia primarily through its receptors expressed on agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and pro-opiomelanocortin-expressing (POMC) neurons; however, it is unknown whether activity of these neuronal populations mediates the regulation of these processes. To determine this, we injected Cre-dependent designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) viruses into the hypothalamus of normoglycaemic and diabetic AgRP-ires-cre and POMC-cre mice to chemogenetically activate or inhibit these neuronal populations. Despite robust changes in food intake, activation or inhibition of AgRP neurons did not affect glycaemia, while activation caused significant (P = 0.014) impairment in insulin sensitivity. Stimulation of AgRP neurons in diabetic mice reversed leptin’s ability to inhibit feeding but did not counter leptin’s ability to lower blood glucose levels. Notably, the inhibition of POMC neurons stimulated feeding while decreasing glucose levels in normoglycaemic mice. The findings suggest that leptin’s effects on feeding by AgRP neurons are mediated by changes in neuronal firing, while the control of glucose balance by these cells is independent of chemogenetic activation or inhibition. The firing-dependent glucose lowering mechanism within POMC neurons is a potential target for the development of novel anti-diabetic medicines.

scholarly journals Exogenous Ketones Lower Blood Glucose Level in Rested and Exercised Rodent Models

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari ◽  
Murdun ◽  
Koutnik ◽  
Goldhagen ◽  
Rogers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Lower Blood Glucose ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Lower Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Lower Blood

Diseases involving inflammation and oxidative stress can be exacerbated by high blood glucose levels. Due to tight metabolic regulation, safely reducing blood glucose can prove difficult. The ketogenic diet (KD) reduces absolute glucose and insulin, while increasing fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis, and circulating levels of β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), acetoacetate (AcAc), and acetone. Compliance to KD can be difficult, so alternative therapies that help reduce glucose levels are needed. Exogenous ketones provide an alternative method to elevate blood ketone levels without strict dietary requirements. In this study, we tested the changes in blood glucose and ketone (βHB) levels in response to acute, sub-chronic, and chronic administration of various ketogenic compounds in either a post-exercise or rested state. WAG/Rij (WR) rats, a rodent model of human absence epilepsy, GLUT1 deficiency syndrome mice (GLUT1D), and wild type Sprague Dawley rats (SPD) were assessed. Non-pathological animals were also assessed across different age ranges. Experimental groups included KD, standard diet (SD) supplemented with water (Control, C) or with exogenous ketones: 1, 3-butanediol (BD), βHB mineral salt (KS), KS with medium chain triglyceride/MCT (KSMCT), BD acetoacetate diester (KE), KE with MCT (KEMCT), and KE with KS (KEKS). In rested WR rats, the KE, KS, KSMCT groups had lower blood glucose level after 1 h of treatment, and in KE and KSMCT groups after 24 h. After exercise, the KE, KSMCT, KEKS, and KEMCT groups had lowered glucose levels after 1 h, and in the KEKS and KEMCT groups after 7 days, compared to control. In GLUT1D mice without exercise, only KE resulted in significantly lower glucose levels at week 2 and week 6 during a 10 weeks long chronic feeding study. In 4-month and 1-year-old SPD rats in the post-exercise trials, blood glucose was significantly lower in KD and KE, and in KEMCT groups, respectively. After seven days, the KSMCT group had the most significantly reduced blood glucose levels, compared to control. These results indicate that exogenous ketones were efficacious in reducing blood glucose levels within and outside the context of exercise in various rodent models of different ages, with and without pathology.

scholarly journals Protective effect of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside on neonatal porcine islets

2017 ◽  
Vol 235 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Li ◽  
Bin Yang ◽  
Zhihao Xu ◽  
Eric Boivin ◽  
Mazzen Black ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Post Transplantation ◽  
Lower Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Porcine Islets ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Neonatal Porcine Islets

Oxidative stress is a major cause of islet injury and dysfunction during isolation and transplantation procedures. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), which is present in various fruits and vegetables especially in Chinese bayberry, shows a potent antioxidant property. In this study, we determined whether C3G could protect neonatal porcine islets (NPI) from reactive oxygen species (H2O2)-induced injury in vitro and promote the function of NPI in diabetic mice. We found that C3G had no deleterious effect on NPI and that C3G protected NPI from damage induced by H2O2. Significantly higher hemeoxygenase-1 (HO1) gene expression was detected in C3G-treated NPI compared to untreated islets before and after transplantation (P < 0.05). Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K/Akt) proteins in C3G-treated NPI compared to untreated islets. C3G induced the nuclear translocation of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and the significant elevation of HO1 protein. Recipients of C3G-treated NPI with or without C3G-supplemented drinking water achieved normoglycemia earlier compared to recipients of untreated islets. Mice that received C3G-treated islets with or without C3G-supplemented water displayed significantly lower blood glucose levels at 5–10 weeks post-transplantation compared to mice that received untreated islets. Mice that received C3G-treated NPI and C3G-supplemented drinking water had significantly (P < 0.05) lower blood glucose levels at 7 and 8 weeks post-transplantation compared to mice that received C3G-treated islets. These findings suggest that C3G has a beneficial effect on NPI through the activation of ERK1/2- and PI3K/AKT-induced NRF2-mediated HO1 signaling pathway.

Peripherally active dextromethorphan derivatives lower blood glucose levels by targeting pancreatic islets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okka Scholz ◽  
Silke Otter ◽  
Alena Welters ◽  
Laura Wörmeyer ◽  
Jurij Dolenšek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Pancreatic Islets ◽  
Lower Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Lower Blood

scholarly journals REVIEW ON MANAGEMENT PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Nagoba Shivappa N ◽  
Sugave Ramling V ◽  
Ningule Ganesh M ◽  
Patil Pooja Y
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Lower Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Toxicity Of Drugs ◽  
Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs

Diabetes mellitus is the third leading cause of death (after heart disease and cancer) in many developed countries it affect about 6-8% of general population. The complication occurs in diabetes mellitus affect the eye, kidney and nervous system. Diabetes is major cause of blindness, renal failure and heart attack. And another is diabetes insipidus. India is the diabetes capital of the world. In India 50 million peoples suffering from type-2 diabetes. This country has major challenge & burden of economic condition to face. Because diabetes mellitus insulin therapy have higher cost & demand is more. But medical experts that timely detection and right management can go a long way in helping patients lead a normal life. That required to more demanding new drug that have need to develop more bioavailability and less toxicity of drugs. Oral hypoglycemic drugs these drugs lower blood glucose levels and are effective orally. Some natural antidiabetic drugs used in treatment of diabetes mellitus, gymnema, pterocarpus, Jamun, bitter guard etc.  

scholarly journals Glycemic control is associated with lower odds of mortality and successful extubation in severe COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay M. Pescatore ◽  
Juan Sarmiento ◽  
Ruben A. Hernandez-Acosta ◽  
Britt Skaathun ◽  
Nancy Quesada-Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Lower Blood Glucose ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Peak Blood ◽  
Peak Blood Glucose ◽  
Successful Extubation

Abstract Context Corticosteroids, specifically dexamethasone, have become the mainstay of treatment for moderate to severe COVID-19. Although the RECOVERY trial did not report adverse effects of corticosteroids, the METCOVID (Methylprednisolone as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19) study reported a higher blood glucose level in patients receiving methylprednisolone. Objectives This study aims to analyze the association between corticosteroids and COVID-19–related outcomes in patients admitted to the medical ICU (MICU) for COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods This is an observational study of 141 patients admitted to the MICU between March 18 and June 7, 2020. Data on demographics, laboratory and imaging studies, and clinical course were obtained, including data on corticosteroid use. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression were performed between patient characteristics and mortality and successful extubation. Results Of the 141 patients, 86 required mechanical ventilation, 50 received steroids, and 71 died. Regarding demographics, patients had a median age of 58 (interquartile range [IQR] 48, 65), Hispanic (57.4%, n=81), and non-Hispanic Black (37.5%, n=53). The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (49.6%, n=70) and diabetes (48.2%, n=68). Lower blood glucose levels on admission (125.5 vs. 148 mg/dL, p=0.025) and lower peak blood glucose levels on corticosteroids (215.5 vs. 361 mg/dL, p=0.0021) were associated with lower prevalence of mortality. Patients who were successfully extubated had a lower admission blood glucose (126.5 vs. 149 mg/dL, p=0.0074) and lower peak blood glucose on corticosteroids (217 vs. 361 mg/dL, p=0.0023). Conclusions Lower blood glucose on admission and lower maximum blood glucose on corticosteroids were associated with lower odds of mortality and successful extubation, regardless of preexisting diabetes. Hyperglycemia may be negating any potential benefit of corticosteroid therapy. These findings suggest that glucose control could be a parameter that impacts the outcome of patients receiving corticosteroids for COVID-19 pneumonia.

scholarly journals Activity Antidiabetic Of The Ethanol Extract Green Gedi Leaves Medical) On Mice (Mus musculus

MEDULA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Parawansah Parawansah
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Lower Blood Glucose ◽  
Antidiabetic Effect ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Lower Blood

ABSTRACTBackground: Green  gedi leaves  (Abelmoschus manihot (L.)  Medik)  is one plant that has efficacy in treating various diseases one of which is antidiabetic. The nature of the active substance green gedi leaves that capable lower blood glucose levels are flavonoids. Purpose: The purpose of this  study  was  to  determine  the effective  concentration  of  the  extract  of  green  gedi  leaves (Abelmoschus  manihot  (L.)  Medik)  to  lower  the  blood  glucose  levels on  mice  Induced  by Streptozotocin. Method: This type of research is experimental research that consists of 5 treatments with 3 variations dose and 2 controls. The study was conducted by measuring the blo od glucose levels in mice, blood glucose levels after induction to return normal blood glucose levels after oral administration with a suspension of Na. CMC as a control, and the suspension glibenclamid as a comparison with the extract of green gedi leaves concentration of 30 mg/KgBB, 60 mg/KgBB and 90 mg/KgBB with a time of observation for seven days. Result: The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD. Conclusion: From this study that the green gedi leaf extract (Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik) at a concentration of 90 mg/kgBB is more effectife to give antidiabetic effect with the average reduction in blood glucose levels reach 68,67 mg/dL to mice.Keywords: antidiabetic, abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik, green gedi leaves, Streptozotocin

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