Fruit anatomy of the genus Anabasis (Salsoloideae, Chenopodiaceae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Sukhorukov
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Epidermal Structure ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Fruit Anatomy ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Upper Third ◽  
Outer Epidermis

The fruit anatomy and morphology of 22 representatives of the genus Anabasis L. were studied, with the aim of clarifying the taxomomic importance of carpological characters in the genus. As shown in cross-sections, the pericarp of Anabasis is differentiated into the following four zones: (i) outer epidermis, (ii) subepidermal hydrated parenchyma, (iii) crystalliferous layer with lignified U-shaped cell walls and (iv) inner epidermis. Anatomical differences mainly relate to the outer epidermal structure. Fruit anatomy does not confirm the separation of the genera Brachylepis and Esfandiaria. A combination of carpological characteristics separates A. annua and A. setifera from the other species studied. Also, characters of reproductive organs in representatives of Anabasis are shown. When vegetative and reproductive features are considered, the genus Fredolia appears rather distant from Anabasis s.l. The pericarp histology of almost all the Salsoloideae (incl. Anabasis) is fully presented in the upper third of the fruit. In the lower parts of the fruit, some histological layers are either reduced or absent altogether. On the basis of the anatomical structures in the upper third of the fruit, the common carpological features of the Salsoloideae can be defined. These include a pericarp consisting of several, usually well-differentiated layers and the presence of crystalliferous cells with U-shaped walls. The two- to four-cell layered outer epidermis of three Anabasis representatives (A. eriopoda, A. jaxartica, A. turkestanica) seems to be an apomorphic feature in the Salsoloideae. The seed coat is thin (two cell layers thick) and non-differentiated. Owing to the pericarp and seedcoat structure, the fruit and seed covers have low resistance to environmental degradation processes and, therefore, are unlikely to be found among fossil remnants.

scholarly journals THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE HUMAN HAIR FOLLICLE

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. C. Birbeck ◽  
E. H. Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Membrane Complex ◽  
Outer Sheath ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Inner Root Sheath ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Adhesive Contacts ◽  
Similar Complex

1. The three cylinders of cells, each one cell thick, which together constitute the inner root sheath, arise from the peripheral portions of the undifferentiated matrix. These cells, like the hair cuticle, are stabilised by the spread of adhesive contacts between their plasma membranes which occurs in the mid-bulb and upper bulb of the hair follicle. 2. The characteristic intracellular product of all three cell layers is trichohyaline. This substance is formed in the first place as amorphous droplets which subsequently transform into a birefringent form. 3. This transformation, involving the formation of a birefringent product from an amorphous precursor, is in contrast to the formation in the cortex of keratin which originates in a fibrous form. 4. Trichohyaline appears first and transforms first in the cells of Henle which are nearest the outer sheath and the dermal supply vessels. This transformation occurs at the level of the neck of the follicle. Synthesis and transformation in the cells of Huxley and the sheath cuticle lag behind the similar events in the cells of Henle. The transformation does not begin until the lower prekeratinous zone in the Huxley and cuticle cells. 5. The amorpous-fibrous transformation occurs rapidly cell by cell and involves the conversion of all the trichohyaline droplets. In longitudinal sections the birefringent modification can be seen extending from the droplets in both directions parallel to the axis of the hair. In cross-sections the images of the transformed material are difficult to interpret. They may be seen as sections of corrugated sheets (∼100 A thick) or condensed fibrils ∼100 A in width. 6. At the same time that the trichohyaline transforms, the spacing between the cell membranes increases and a dark deposit appears centrally between them. This membrane complex, and the similar complex of the hair cuticle cells described in Part 2, may be specialised formations whose purpose is to hold the hardened cells together.

ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL MARINE CURRENT ENERGY IN THE STRAITS OF THE LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Yuningsih Yuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Tidal Flow ◽  
Ocean Current ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Marine Current ◽  
Current Characteristics ◽  
Stationary Location ◽  
Almost All

The Lesser Sunda Islands extend from Bali to Timor and consist of two geologically distinct parts formed by a subduction system of oceanic crust along the Java-Timor Trench. The northern part which includes Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Wetar, Pantar and Alor, is volcanic in origin; whilst the southern part is non-volcanic, encompassing the islands of Sumba, Timor and Rote. The straits along the Lesser Sunda Islands are formed as a result of very complex geological processes and tectonics in this area. These straits are the most important cross-sections in the southern part of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), functioning as outlets for the mass flows of seawater from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean through the Flores and the Savu Seas. In these straits, relatively high current speeds are occurred, not only caused by the ITF but also due to its geometry, the influence of tidal flow, and monsoonal currents.Site study and ocean current measurement were conducted by using an echosounder, a pair of Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP), and other supporting equipment. In general, the average of most ocean current speeds is less than 1.5 m/s with a duration flow of 8 -12 hours a day, and the maximum speed reaches up to 3 m/s. The tidal types in almost all the straits are mixed semidiurnal tides, in which two high waters and two low waters occur twice a day, with the high and low tides differ in height.The Lesser Sunda Straits were selected as the potential sites for ocean current power plant because their current speeds are relatively high and their characteristics are more predictable compared with other straits from other regions. Based on the results of bathymetry survey and current characteristics from the deployed ADCP at a fixed (stationary) location on the seabed, the best location for the current power turbines is at the depth of 15-30 m where the seabed gently sloping.

Comparison of myocardial T1 mapping during breath-holding and free-breathing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Hideharu Oka ◽  
Kouichi Nakau ◽  
Sadahiro Nakagawa ◽  
Yuki Kobayashi ◽  
Rina Imanishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
T1 Mapping ◽  
Free Breathing ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Basal Region ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Imaging Analysis ◽  
Myocardial T1 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background: T1 mapping is a recently developed imaging analysis method that allows quantitative assessment of myocardial T1 values obtained using MRI. In children, MRI is performed under free-breathing. Thus, it is important to know the changes in T1 values between free-breathing and breath-holding. This study aimed to compare the myocardial T1 mapping during breath-holding and free-breathing. Methods: Thirteen patients and eight healthy volunteers underwent cardiac MRI, and T1 values obtained during breath-holding and free-breathing were examined and compared. Statistical differences were determined using the paired t-test. Results: The mean T1 values during breath-holding were 1211.1 ± 39.0 ms, 1209.7 ± 37.4 ms, and 1228.9 ± 52.5 ms in the basal, mid, and apical regions, respectively, while the mean T1 values during free-breathing were 1165.1 ± 69.0 ms, 1103.7 ± 55.8 ms, and 1112.0 ± 81.5 ms in the basal, mid, and apical regions, respectively. The T1 values were lower during free-breathing than during breath-holding in almost all segments (basal: p = 0.008, mid: p < 0.001, apical: p < 0.001). The mean T1 values in each cross section were 3.1, 7.8, and 7.7% lower during free-breathing than during breath-holding in the basal, mid, and apical regions, respectively. Conclusions: We found that myocardial T1 values during free-breathing were about 3–8% lower in all cross sections than those during breath-holding. In free-breathing, it may be difficult to assess myocardial T1 values, except in the basal region, because of underestimation; thus, the findings should be interpreted with caution, especially in children.

Clinical anatomy of the pelvis and the reproductive organs

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Thomas Ind
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Surgical Skills ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Clinical Anatomy ◽  
Gynaecological Surgery ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Surgical Practice

Proficient surgery requires good basic surgical skills and an understanding of the relevant anatomy. The time when a surgeon watched an operation, performed the same procedure, and then taught it has elapsed. Routine formulaic surgical procedures have become outdated and modern surgical practice is focused on individual patients and their specific needs. The main focus of surgery is now dedicated to the competent obtainment of skills and a complete understanding of human anatomy and its variations. This chapter focuses on the main anatomical structures encountered during gynaecological surgery. The anatomy of the pelvis in relation to the fetal skull is also covered.

Some Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on Thunderstorm Structure *

1949 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 168-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horace R. Byers ◽  
Louis J. Battan
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Vertical Shear ◽  
Radar Cross Sections ◽  
Almost All

Observations of thunderclouds obtained with a 3-cm height-finding radar set are used to obtain a description of the vertical shear of thunderclouds. Several photographs are given which show the shearing of the radar clouds. A scattergram of wind shear plotted against echo shear is presented and shows that the two variables are related, with the former exceeding the latter in almost all cases. Scatter-diagrams are given which verify that strong vertical wind shear tends to restrict the growth of thunderstorms. A series of radar cross sections illustrates the displacement of the upper part of a thundercloud which is subjected to wind shear, and the growth of another cloud column from the lower part of the thundercloud.

Extreme Thoracic Biopsies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Derry ◽  
Scott Genshaft
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Percutaneous Biopsy ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Modern Imaging ◽  
Interventional Devices ◽  
Bronchoscopic Biopsy ◽  
Transthoracic Biopsy ◽  
Almost All

Percutaneous transthoracic biopsy is a commonly used procedure in the diagnosis of intrathoracic pathology. With modern imaging and interventional devices, percutaneous transthoracic biopsy allows access to locations inaccessible by mediastinoscopy or bronchoscopic biopsy. This chapter presents tips for performing successful percutaneous biopsy of lesions in precarious intrathoracic locations. The practices highlighted should help maximize the chances for a successful tissue yield while minimizing the rate of biopsy-associated complications. Mediastinal, hilar, and juxtapleural lesions present anatomic challenges that can decrease the chance of safely obtaining tissue and increase complication rates. The use of techniques to displace injury-prone anatomical structures and to open access windows can allow the interventionalist to obtain diagnostic tissue samples from almost all intrathoracic locations. A well-planned approach is the most important factor in maximizing yield and preventing complications.

The rmc locus does not affect plant interactions or defence-related gene expression when tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is infected with the root fungal parasite, Rhizoctonia

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Ling Gao ◽  
F. Andrew Smith ◽  
Sally E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Almost All

A tomato mutant with reduced mycorrhizal colonisation, rmc, confers resistance to almost all arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species tested, although there is variation in colonisation of different root cell layers by different fungi and one species of AM fungus can colonise this mutant relatively normally. These variations indicate a high degree of specificity in relation to AM colonisation. We explored the possibility of specificity or otherwise in interactions between rmc and three non-AM root-infecting fungi, Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis groups (AG) 4 and AG8, and binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR). There were no differences between the wild type tomato 76R and rmc in the speed or extent to which these fungi infected roots or caused disease. Infection by R. solani induced high levels of defence-related gene expression in both tomato genotypes relative to non-infected plants. In contrast, with BNR the expression of these genes was not induced or induced to a much lower extent than with R. solani. The expression of defence-related genes with these two non-AM fungi was very similar in the two plant genotypes. It was different from effects observed during colonisation by AM fungi, which enhanced expression of defence-related genes in rmc compared with the wild type tomato. The specificity and molecular mechanisms of rmc in control of AM colonisation are discussed.

scholarly journals Intercomparison of slant column measurements of NO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>4</sub> by MAX-DOAS and zenith-sky UV and visible spectrometers

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 1629-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. K. Roscoe ◽  
M. Van Roozendael ◽  
C. Fayt ◽  
A. du Piesanie ◽  
N. Abuhassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Tropospheric No2 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Level Of Agreement ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Differential Spectroscopy

Abstract. In June 2009, 22 spectrometers from 14 institutes measured tropospheric and stratospheric NO2 from the ground for more than 11 days during the Cabauw Intercomparison Campaign of Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI), at Cabauw, NL (51.97° N, 4.93° E). All visible instruments used a common wavelength range and set of cross sections for the spectral analysis. Most of the instruments were of the multi-axis design with analysis by differential spectroscopy software (MAX-DOAS), whose non-zenith slant columns were compared by examining slopes of their least-squares straight line fits to mean values of a selection of instruments, after taking 30-min averages. Zenith slant columns near twilight were compared by fits to interpolated values of a reference instrument, then normalised by the mean of the slopes of the best instruments. For visible MAX-DOAS instruments, the means of the fitted slopes for NO2 and O4 of all except one instrument were within 10% of unity at almost all non-zenith elevations, and most were within 5%. Values for UV MAX-DOAS instruments were almost as good, being 12% and 7%, respectively. For visible instruments at zenith near twilight, the means of the fitted slopes of all instruments were within 5% of unity. This level of agreement is as good as that of previous intercomparisons, despite the site not being ideal for zenith twilight measurements. It bodes well for the future of measurements of tropospheric NO2, as previous intercomparisons were only for zenith instruments focussing on stratospheric NO2, with their longer heritage.

Structural Characterization of Mint (Mentha x villosa Huds) Stem and Leaf

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Bezerra ◽  
Luana da Silva Barbosa ◽  
José Flávio Cardoso Zuza ◽  
Agda Malany Forte de Oliveira ◽  
Camila Firmino de Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Secretory Structures ◽  
Morphological Pattern ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Aromatic Species

Aims: The objective of this study was to identify the structural characteristics of the shoots of Mentha x villosa Huds and also, identify the main structures responsible for the production of active principles. Methodology: The analyzes were performed with stems and leaves from adult and healthy plants, which presented a uniform morphological pattern. The materials selected for the anatomical analyzes were fixed in FAA for 24 hours and after this period conditioned in 70% alcohol. Cross-sections and paradermic sections were manually made with a cutting blade. For sections analysis, 1% sodium hypochlorite was used for discoloration and safranine 10% dye for tissue staining. Results: The leaf of Mentha x villosa Huds presents asymmetric mesophyll, formed by palisade and lacunar parenchyma, and uniseriate epidermis. The diacytic stomata are located on the abaxial surface of the leaves with different sizes, all having a substomatal chamber. On both sides of leaves, glandular trichomes were observed in great quantity. The leaf midrib is formed by a large vascular bundle, with xylem facing the adaxial surface and phloem facing the abaxial surface. The stem presents uniseriate epidermis and below it can be found one or two layers of colenchyma. The vascular bundle consists of four main xylem points, and externally to it is found the phloem, which gives the quadrangular shape to the stem. Mentha x villosa Huds has characteristics that are common to aromatic species of the Lamiaceae family, which makes its characterization and differentiation difficult, as for example, its secretory structures which do not have taxonomic importance for differentiation on this species, since they are similar in other species of the same family. Conclusion: However, Mentha x villosa has a larger number of cell layers in the lacunar parenchyma, which is an important characteristic for the differentiation of species.

scholarly journals Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Organ of Water Monitor Lizard, Varanus salvator bivittatus (Reptil: Varanidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
mahfud
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Male Reproductive Organ ◽  
Monitor Lizard ◽  
Varanus Salvator ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Male Reproductive Organs ◽  
Monitor Lizards ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Asian Water

One of the majority species of Varanidae is Varanus salvator or which commonly known as water monitor lizards (water monitor) or Asian water monitor lizard. This species is the most widely spread out of the all varanids. In Indonesia, V. salvator are distributed in almost all islands, from Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Maluku and Flores. Subspecies V. s. bivittatus was found only in Java, Bali and South East Islands [1]. The information on reproductive biological aspects of the V. s. bivittatus, especially the male reproductive organs is limited. Therefore, the study was aim to explore the male reproductive organs system of V. s. bivittatus that focused on macroscopic evaluation. Two adult male lizards with 45.60 cm SVL from Bogor area were used in this study. The lizard were anesthetized and exanguinated to sacrifice and fixed in 4 % paraformaldehyde through perfusion then followed by visceral observation and morphometric carefully measurement. All the observation finding and collected data were analyzed descriptively and presented in the form of tables and figures. Morphometric data were tabulated in the form of the average (mean) ± standard deviation (SD). Male reproductive organs of the V. s. bivittatus were generally similar to other reptiles such as snakes and lizards, with characteristics a pair of hemipenes. Epididymis was not formed of head, body and radix segment. The deferent duct is a small, straight and short duct which connected the epididymis to cloaca.

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