Residual effects of cotton-based crop rotations on soil properties of irrigated Vertosols in central-western and north-western New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Hulugalle ◽  
T. B. Weaver ◽  
L. A. Finlay
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Specific Volume ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
High Input ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
South Wales

The residual effects of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) based crop rotations on soil physical and chemical properties were evaluated in 2 irrigated on-farm experiments located at Warren (1999–2001) in the central-west and Merah North (2000–05) in the north-west of New South Wales. The soils in both sites were grey, self-mulching Vertosols. The rotations sown at Warren from 1993 to 1998 were: (1) continuous cotton (cotton sown every year); (2) long-fallow cotton (cotton alternating with a bare fallow); (3) cotton–high input wheat (Tricticum aestivum L.), in which wheat was sown at a rate of 100 kg/ha and fertilised with 180 kg/ha of urea; (4) cotton–low input wheat, in which wheat was sown at a rate of 40 kg/ha and did not receive any N fertiliser; and (5) cotton–green manured field pea (Pisum sativum L.). At Merah North the rotations sown from 1993 to 2000 were: (1) continuous cotton; (2) long-fallow cotton; (3) cotton–green manured faba bean (Vicia faba L.) until 1999 when sorghum was sown during the 1999–2000 growing season; (4) cotton–dolichos (Lablab purpureus L.)–green manured faba bean from 1993 to 1994 followed by cotton–unfertilised wheat in which wheat was sown at a rate of 50–70 kg/ha thereafter; (5) cotton–dolichos; and (6) cotton–fertilised dolichos with P and K removed by cotton replaced as fertiliser. Soil was sampled to a depth of 0.6 m at 0.15-m increments and analysed for pH (in 0.01 m CaCl2), EC1 : 5, ESP, specific volume, nitrate-N, organic C (SOC), plastic limit, and dispersion. Residual effects of rotation history were reflected in subsoil specific volume at both sites, and nitrate-N in the surface 0.3 m and SOC in the 0–0.6 m depth at Warren. In general, higher values of specific volume occurred where cotton–wheat rotations, and in particular, fertilised wheat, had been sown. At Merah North, subsoil specific volume in ex-long-fallow cotton was similar to that in the cotton–wheat rotation. At Warren, ex-continuous cotton had lowest subsoil specific volume, the ex-cotton–high input wheat rotation and ex-long fallow cotton had greater SOC sequestration, and the ex-cotton–high input wheat rotation had higher nitrate-N. These differences mirrored those present when the rotation treatments were in place. Residual effects of crop rotations are more likely to occur where the residues of the rotation crops are relatively recalcitrant or where cropping intensity is lower.

Effect of long-fallow on soil quality and cotton lint yield in an irrigated, self-mulching, grey Vertosol in the central-west of New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Hulugalle ◽  
P. C. Entwistle ◽  
J. L. Cooper ◽  
S. J. Allen ◽  
D. B. Nehl
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Plastic Limit ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Black Root Rot ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
South Wales

Reduced crop growth rates (‘long-fallow disorder’) can be a feature of long-fallow cotton (cotton, alternating with a bare fallow, is sown every other year). This is usually attributed to decreased development of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), although associated soil physical, chemical, and biological properties are very rarely reported. A study was conducted from 1993 to 1997 in a grey, self-mulching Vertosol in the central-west of New South Wales to characterise soil properties under long-fallow cotton with a view to identifying soil factors other than AM that could contribute to cotton growth rate reductions. Soil quality indicators monitored were compaction (bulk density and air-filled porosity), strength (cone resistance), plastic limit, exchangeable cations, nitrate-N, pH, organic C, development of AM, and incidence of cotton root diseases. In comparison with continuous cotton, long-fallow cotton had lower soil strength, and lower plastic limit. Exchangeable Ca and Mg were higher with continuous cotton only in 1994. Higher nitrate-N was also observed with long-fallow during the first fallow phase of the experiment. Long-fallow did not have any significant effect on soil organic carbon. However, a net decline in soil organic C and exchangeable Mg occurred with both treatments. During the cotton phase, subsoil nitrate-N and incidence of black root rot were lower with long-fallow cotton. Uptake of nitrogen by continuous cotton may have been reduced by greater severity of black root rot. Vegetative and reproductive growth, water extraction, and cotton lint yields in long-fallow cotton plots were higher than those in continuous cotton plots. AM development was similar with continuous cotton and long-fallow cotton. Compared with long-fallow cotton, the lower lint yield in continuous cotton was thought to be due to the interactive effects of declining nutrient availability, higher soil strength, and greater severity of black root rot causing decreases in nutrient and water uptake.

Does nitrogen fixation of commercial, dryland chickpea and faba bean crops in north-west New South Wales maintain or enhance soil nitrogen?

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Schwenke ◽  
M. B. Peoples ◽  
G. L. Turner ◽  
D. F. Herridge
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
North West ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
South Wales ◽  
N Fertility

Summary. Nitrogen (N2 ) fixation accords pulse crops the potential to sustain or enhance total soil nitrogen (N) fertility. However, regional field experiments have shown that this potential is often not realised because N2 fixation is inhibited by the supply of nitrate N in the root zone (0–90 cm) coupled with a low demand for N during plant growth. The objectives of this study were to establish whether commercially grown chickpea and faba bean crops in the northern grain belt of New South Wales were depleting, maintaining or enhancing soil N fertility, and whether current farm management practices were maximising the N2 fixation potential of the crops. Fifty-one rainfed crops of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were surveyed in the Moree, Walgett and Gunnedah districts of north-west New South Wales during the winters of 1994 and 1995. Nitrogen fixation was measured using the natural 15N abundance technique. Net N balance was calculated for each crop by subtracting grain N harvested from fixed N2. Soil, plant and fallow conditions with potential to influence N2 fixation were also documented. The percentage of crop N derived from N2 fixation (Pfix) ranged from 0 to 81% for chickpea and 19 to 79% for faba bean. Nitrogen fixation of chickpea was uniformly low in the 1994 drought. Total N2 fixed ranged from 0 to 99 kg/ha for chickpea and 15 to 171 kg/ha for faba bean. Net N balance ranged from –47 to +46 kg N/ha for chickpea crops, and –12 to +94 kg N/ha for faba bean crops. About 60% of the difference in Pfix between chickpea and faba bean at the average level of soil nitrate (65 kg/ha) was explained by the higher N demand of the latter. The remaining 40% could be due to greater tolerance of the faba bean symbiosis to nitrate effects. In addition, faba bean had a lower N harvest index than chickpea, which meant that proportionally less N needed to be fixed by faba bean to offset removal of grain N. On average, Pfix needed to exceed 35% for chickpea and 19% for faba bean to balance soil N. The equivalent soil nitrate levels were 43 kg nitrate N/ha for chickpea and 280 kg/ha for faba bean (extrapolated from the relationship between measured Pfix and soil nitrate). Double-cropping chickpea into summer cereal or grass pasture stubble provided the most consistent strategy for achieving the low levels of soil nitrate.

Influence of foliar-applied fungicides on seed yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in northern New South Wales

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Marcellos ◽  
KJ Moore ◽  
A Nikandrow
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Chocolate Spot ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Better Than

The effects of 5 foliar-applied fungicides on seed yield of faba bean (Vicia faba) cv. Fiord were studied over 3 years at Tamworth in northern New South Wales. In 2 seasons when the diseases chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) and rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) were significant, 5 applications of foliar fungicides after flowering increased yield, by up to 1.6 t/ha in 1990 and nearly 0.9 t/ha in 1992, compared with the unsprayed treatment.Mancozeb, dichlofluanid, and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides for preventing yield reduction, and vinclozolin and procymidone had little or no effect. Mancozeb and tebuconazole were effective in reducing the severity of both diseases, whereas procymidone was only active against chocolate spot. Differences between the most effective fungicides when applied 5 times or twice (at early and mid flowering) were seldom significant. Seed yields following 2 applications of tebuconazole were significantly higher than from 1 application, but for mancozeb, 2 applications were better than 1 in 1992 only. It was estimated that rust accounted for most of the yield loss in 1990 and 1992, and did so mainly by reducing seed size. Application of mancozeb early and during late flowering provided an effective and economical increase in grain yield in 1990 and 1992.

Three aphid vectors of faba bean (Vicia faba) viruses in northern New South Wales and occurrence ofAcyrthosiphon pisum-transmitted isolates ofSoybean dwarf virus

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 262 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Schwinghamer ◽  
A. H. Nicholas ◽  
M. A. Schilg
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Aphid Vectors

Impact of sowing time, genotype, environment and maturity on biomass and yield components in faba bean (Vicia faba)

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill K. Manning ◽  
Kedar N. Adhikari ◽  
Richard Trethowan
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Impact

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a significant rotation crop in northern New South Wales. However, drought limits yield, and the reproductive structures of faba bean are sensitive to high temperatures and frost. Although early sowing can avoid terminal heat and drought stresses, the accumulation of large amounts of vegetative biomass may result in low yield. Experiments were conducted over 2 years at Breeza and Narrabri in north-western New South Wales, Australia, to examine the influence of sowing time on yield, yield components, maturity, pod distribution and biomass production. The second sowing date (early May) produced the highest yield and seed weight at both sites. However, the third sowing date (late May) produced greater yield than the first (mid-April) at Breeza, and this was associated with very high final biomass. At Narrabri, the first and third sowing dates produced similar low yield. Poorer yield in late-sown materials was likely due to terminal stress, and the impact will be greater in less favourable locations and seasons. The poorer yield of faba bean from the first sowing date was likely driven by excessive biomass accumulation, an effect that would be exacerbated in favourable seasons and locations. The lower seed weight observed at Breeza was possibly a result of greater intra-plant competition. The earliest maturing genotype had the highest yield and seed weight at both sites, indicating the importance of rapid pod growth and senescence in these warm and often water-limited environments. Dry matter production was greater with early sowing, higher moisture and warmer temperatures. In contrast to other studies, a weak relationship between biomass and yield was observed.

Microbial biomass and microbial biodiversity in some soils from New South Wales, Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nargis A. Banu ◽  
Balwant Singh ◽  
Les Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Free Iron ◽  
South Wales

Eight surface soils (0–15 cm) including 1 Ferrosol, 2 Tenosols, 2 Kurosols, 1 Sodosol, 1 Chromosol, and 1 Kandosol were collected from mainly pasture sites in New South Wales. The soils had different physico-chemical properties and there were some differences between the sites in climatic conditions. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was estimated by the chloroform-fumigation extraction method, and substrate utilisation patterns determined by the Biolog method were used to assess the amount, functional diversity, substrate richness and evenness, and community structure of the microorganisms in these soils. The amount of MBC (585 µg C/g) and the microbial diversity (H´ = 3.24) were high in soils that had high clay (33%), organic C (5.96%), total N (0.45%), free iron (7.06%), moisture content (50%), and cation exchange capacitiy (133.5 mmolc/kg). These soil properties, e.g. soil moisture (r2 = 0.72), organic C (r2 = 0.58), total N (r2 = 0.63), free iron (r2 = 0.44), and EC (r2 = 0.53), were positively correlated with MBC and microbial diversity index, whereas pH and sand and silt content showed negative correlations. The climatic factors (temperature and rainfall) had no significant influence on either MBC or diversity.

Amelioration of structurally unstable grey soils in the north-western wheat belt of New South Wales

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (100) ◽  
pp. 590 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Doyle ◽  
DW Tayler ◽  
WJ Yates ◽  
HB So ◽  
JW McGarity
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
North Western ◽  
Reduced Surface

Methods of amelioration of structurally unstable grey clays were studied in field experiments conducted at three sites in the Gwydir Valley in northern New South Wales. A set of ameliorative treatments was established at each site in 1973, and a second set of treatments was established in 1974. Plots were sown with wheat each year until 1977 to study residual effects. In the first series of experiments, gypsum at 12.5 t ha-1 greatly increased wheat yields at all sites, with residual effects still strongly evident in 1977. The yield increases were commonly associated with reduced surface soil crust strength, increased wheat establishment, and increased stored soil water at sowing. Potassium sulphate at 3.75 t ha-1 and organic matter (chopped hay at 12 t ha-1) gave initial yield increases, but residual effects did not persist. Neither polyvinyl alcohol (200 kg ha-1) nor deep ploughing (to 25 cm) was successful as an ameliorant. In the second series of experiments, gypsum at 2.5 t ha-1 consistently increased wheat yields, with residual effects still evident in 1977, although yield increases were much less than those obtained with 12.5 t ha-1 gypsum in the first series of experiments. A crop of oats ploughed under was not a successful ameliorant, but calcium carbonate (5 t ha-1) showed some potential.

Pre-season soil establishment of legume inoculant rhizobia is not effective for the nodulation of lupin and faba bean crops in acidic soils

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Evans ◽  
P. Eberbach ◽  
D. Luckett ◽  
S. Cormack
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Legume Seed ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Sp

In soils with a resident population of symbiotically effective rhizobia in sufficient number that legume inoculation is not a requirement for successful legume cropping, greater flexibility may be exercised in the use of legume seed dressings that are toxic to rhizobia. Inoculating crops antecedent to legume crops has been suggested as a method for pre-establishing effective inoculant rhizobia in soil. The extent to which this strategy (pre-inoculation) would remove the need for inoculating legume seed (conventional inoculation) was tested for Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae with crops of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and faba bean (Vicia faba), respectively. In the glasshouse, in pasteurised sand and red kandosol, the numbers of B. sp. (Lupinus) in the rhizospheres of wheat (Triticum aestivum), canola (Brassica campestris) and clover (Trifolium subterraneum) increased 300–10000-fold over a 14-week period, reaching numbers similar to that achieved on L. angustifolius. These increases were not greatly affected by chemical seed dressings commonly applied to the crops: on wheat, Vincit C and Baytan C; on canola and subterranean clover, Lemat. In the sandy soil, the nodulation of lupin following pre-establishment of rhizobia, drying and mixing of soil, was not improved by conventional inoculation; in the red kandosol nodulation was increased only marginally by conventional inoculation. The results with the glasshouse pot trials warranted further investigation in the field. Under field conditions, when B. sp. (Lupinus) was pre-established with wheat, on a red kandosol in south-western New South Wales, the number of these bacteria surviving in the dry soil at the end of the wheat phase was much lower than in the glasshouse study. In the following season, the nodulation of lupin sown without inoculant, and dependent only on pre-established rhizobia, was significantly reduced, as compared with that on conventionally inoculated lupin. An exception occurred where the lupin was dry-sown 3 weeks before rain, in which case nodulation was comparatively poor even with conventional inoculation. Reduced nodulation was generally consistent with initially fewer rhizobia in the lupin rhizosphere. However, the numbers of rhizobia were eventually similar to those found with conventional inoculation. In the third year, in autumn, B. sp. (Lupinus) was abundant in the soil in all treatments and there were no differences in lupin nodulation between treatments. Similarly, introducing R. leguminosarum bv. viciae on wheat, in an acidic red kandosol in south-western New South Wales, failed to provide as much nodulation of faba bean as was achieved with conventional inoculation. The maximal dry matter of the bean crop was also significantly lower with pre-inoculation as compared to conventional inoculation.

Radiotherapy utilization in New South Wales from 1996 to 1998: Comment

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Kearsley
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales

Plants of New South Wales

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Von Mueller
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales
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