scholarly journals Comparison of the penetration of primary and lateral roots of pea and different tree seedlings growing in hard soils

Soil Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gausul Azam ◽  
Cameron D. Grant ◽  
Robert S. Murray ◽  
Ian K. Nuberg ◽  
Rabindra K. Misra
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Primary And Lateral Roots ◽  
Hard Soils

Establishment and survival of tree seedlings in hard soils depends on production of deep root systems. This study evaluated the primary and lateral roots of an annual crop and several tree species growing in soils of varying strength. We grew peas and acacias by direct seeding, plus three eucalypts by direct seeding and transplanting, and measured various root characteristics. At all levels of soil compaction, the primary roots of acacia were thicker and they elongated faster than did those of the eucalypts. However, lateral roots of transplanted eucalypts elongated faster than their primary roots, and the rate of root elongation was negatively correlated with soil penetration resistance, especially for Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The primary root diameter of all plants increased with increasing penetration resistance, but acacia roots continued to elongate faster than pea roots. Pea plants produced most of their roots in the top 5 cm, whereas tree roots were more uniformly distributed with depth. Although not statistically significant at P = 0.05, the relative rate of root elongation in very hard soil correlated modestly (P = 0.11) with the maximum root growth pressure of four tree species. These variations in root growth behaviour can be related to the intrinsic variability of root characteristics for each plant species and the natural abundance of each species in different environments.

scholarly journals Influence of Indolebutyric Acid Potassium Salt on Propagation of Semi-hardwood Stem Cuttings of Bougainvillea

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 983D-983
Author(s):  
Christopher B. Cerveny ◽  
James L. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Percent Survival ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Napthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Primary And Lateral Roots

Bougainvillea glabra is a tropical species with reportedly difficulty to propagate. Previous research has shown the importance of talc-based rooting hormones when propagating Bougainvillea, yet little has been published on the efficacy of liquid-based formulations. Therefore, our objective was to determine the optimum concentration of indolebutyric acid potassium salt (KIBA) needed to effectively root semi-hardwood stem cuttings of Bougainvillea `California Gold' and `Helen Johnson'. Sub-terminal cuttings measuring 6.5 cm were harvested from stock plants of Bougainvillea on 3-week intervals from 6 June to 8 Aug. and repeated 6 Sept. to 8 Nov. 2005. Cuttings were dipped 0.5 cm in a solution of 0, 1500, 3000, or 6000 mg·L-1 KIBA or in a 1500-mg·L-1 solution containing indolebutyric acid (IBA) 1%: napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 0.5% and propagated under mist. Cuttings were evaluated for percent survival, rooting quality (1 = poor; 5 = best), and number of primary and lateral roots 5 weeks after planting (WAP). Differences in `California Gold' for percent survival, average rank, and number of roots were determined not significant at P ≤ 0.05. However, application of rooting hormone to `Helen Johnson' increased rooting quality, number of primary roots, and number of lateral roots by up to 24%, 53%, and 50%, respectively. Results indicated rooting performance was generally improved with application of KIBA; therefore, cuttings of Bougainvillea may benefit from a 1500-mg·L-1 solution. KIBA was also found to be as effective as the industry standard liquid formulation. Growers will have to consider the availability and cost of KIBA when propagating Bougainvillea.

scholarly journals Impact of soil compaction heterogeneity and moisture on maize (Zea mays L.) root and shoot development

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 509-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Konôpka ◽  
L. Pagès ◽  
C. Doussan
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Fine Soil ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Primary And Lateral Roots

Soil compaction heterogeneity and water content are supposed to be decisive factors influencing plant growth. Our experiment focused on simulation of two soil moisture levels (0.16 and 0.19 g/g) plus two levels of clod proportion (30 and 60% volume) and their effects on root and leaf variables of maize (<I>Zea mays</I> L.). We studied number of primary and lateral roots as well as primary root length at the particular soil depths. Statistical tests showed that the decrease rate of the number of roots versus depth was significantly affected by the two studied factors (<I>P</I> < 0.01). Soil moisture and clod occurrence, interactively, affected leaf biomass (<I>P</I> = 0.02). Presence of clods modified root morphological features. Particularly, the diameter of primary roots in the clods was significantly higher than of those grown in fine soil (<I>P</I> < 0.01). For primary roots, which penetrated clods, branching density decreased considerably for the root segments located just after the clods (<I>P</I> = 0.01). Regarding their avoidance to clods and tortuosity, large differences were found between primary roots grown in the contrasting soil environments.

Geoperception in primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae). II. Intracellular distribution of organelles in columella cells

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1090-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Steven Ransom ◽  
Randy Moore
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Precise Location ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Columella Cells ◽  
Primary And Lateral Roots ◽  
Cellular Components

A morphometric analysis of the ultrastructures of columella cells in primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris was performed to determine the precise location of cellular components in these cells. Roots were fixed in situ to preserve the in vivo ultrastructure of the cells. All cellular components in columella cells of both types of roots were distributed asymmetrically. The nucleus and vacuome were located primarily in the middle third of both types of columella cells. Dictyosomes, mitochondria, and amyloplasts were most abundant in the lower third of the columella cells in both types of roots. The distribution of amyloplasts was the most asymmetrical of all cellular components examined, with the lower third of the columella cells containing approximately 90% of the relative volume of amyloplasts in both types of roots. The distribution of cellular components in columella cells of primary roots was not significantly different from that of columella cells of lateral roots. These results indicate that differences in georesponsiveness of primary and lateral roots of P. vulgaris are probably due to factors other than the ultrastructures of their individual columella cells.

Adventive-root development in mature black spruce and balsam fir in the boreal forests of Quebec, Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 2642-2654 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Krause ◽  
H Morin
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Root Initiation

Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) are the two main tree species in the boreal forests of Quebec, Canada, and both show adventive-root formation. Little is known about the dynamics of adventive-root initiation and the pattern of length growth. To gain a better understanding of root growth, the root systems of 30 mature black spruce and 30 mature balsam fir were excavated until the root diameter had decreased to 2 cm. Tree ages ranged from 100 to more than 250 years. All trees showed only adventive roots; this was confirmed by dating the root–shoot interface. The youngest lateral roots were located close to ground level, whereas the oldest ones occurred lower in the stump, suggesting a process of renewal for the latter. Reconstruction of the development of the root system revealed a specific root-growth pattern. Adventive roots grew, on average, more than 60% of their total length in the year of initiation, whereas more than 93% of lateral-root elongation was recorded in the first 10 years after adventive roots were initiated. This growth pattern was found to be similar in the two tree species in terms of lateral-root development (p = 0.68). More variability was observed for the ramified adventive roots. However, two patterns emerged. First, around 10% of total elongation was completed in the same year as that of the corresponding lateral roots. Second, several ramified adventive roots were initiated in the same calendar year but delayed by several years relative to lateral adventive root initiation. No significant differences were observed between black spruce and balsam fir (p = 0.1).

Geoperception in primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae). III. A model to explain the differential georesponsiveness of primary and lateral roots

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Steven Ransom ◽  
Randy Moore
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Growth Inhibitors ◽  
Gravitropic Response ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Primary And Lateral Roots

Half-tipped primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris bend toward the side of the root on which the intact half tip remains. Therefore, tips of lateral and primary roots produce growth effectors capable of inducing gravicurvature. The asymmetrical placement of a tip of a lateral root onto a detipped primary root results in the root bending toward the side of the root onto which the tip was placed. That is, the lesser graviresponsiveness of lateral roots as compared with primary roots is not due to the inability of their caps to produce growth inhibitors. The more pronounced graviresponsiveness of primary roots is positively correlated with the presence of columella tissues that are 3.8 times longer, 1.7 times wider, and 10.5 times more voluminous than the columellas of lateral roots. We propose that the lack of graviresponsiveness exhibited by lateral roots is due to the facts that they (i) produce smaller amounts of the inhibitor than primary (i.e., strongly graviresponsive) roots and (ii) are unable to redistribute the inhibitor so as to be able to create a concentration gradient sufficient to induce a pronounced gravitropic response.

Root growth and root growth capacity of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Johnson-Flanagan ◽  
John N. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Capacity ◽  
Root Growth Capacity ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth

Root growth in the root systems of Styroplug-grown white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings increases in the spring before shoot elongation and again in the fall after bud development is complete. This is followed by root dormancy and quiescence, which are distinguished on the basis of ability to elongate under root growth capacity (RGC) conditions. The number of white long lateral roots produced during RGC tests correlated significantly with the number of white long lateral roots under lathhouse conditions. Increased mitotic activity is required for root elongation. However, mitotic frequencies could not be used to assess RGC because of the confounding effects of independent growth cycles in individual roots. Cell expansion and transformation of insoluble carbohydrates are important controls of root elongation. The relationship between root and shoot growth under RGC conditions may not support the role of shoot elongation in decreasing root elongation. Conversely, this may indicate that RGC tests alter the endogenous controls of root and shoot growth.

scholarly journals Growth of Primary and Lateral Roots of Vicia faba L. in the Solution of Calcium Sulfate

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Pyshnov
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
Surface Sterilization ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Healthy Growth ◽  
Primary And Lateral Roots

The presence of calcium sulfate in cultivating solution prevents bacterial contamination, browning/lignification and the death of the roots. There is no need for surface sterilization of seeds. No other ingredients, beside calcium sulfate, are needed for the healthy growth of the primary and lateral roots. There is no need to change the solution for several weeks when up to 60 lateral roots per seed can appear. A modification of the two-stage growing technique where the seeds are first suspended in moist air over the cultivating solution to grow primary roots, and then, the primary roots are covered with the cultivating solution to grow lateral roots, was used. The hypothesis is put forward that primary roots actually need water as a liquid to expel air, as the air is probably preventing the appearance of lateral roots.

scholarly journals Role of Ascorbate in the Regulation of the Arabidopsis thaliana Root Growth by Phosphate Availability

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Tyburski ◽  
Kamila Dunajska-Ordak ◽  
Monika Skorupa ◽  
Andrzej Tretyn
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Phosphate Availability

Arabidopsis root system responds to phosphorus (P) deficiency by decreasing primary root elongation and developing abundant lateral roots. Feeding plants with ascorbic acid (ASC) stimulated primary root elongation in seedlings grown under limiting P concentration. However, at high P, ASC inhibited root growth. Seedlings of ascorbate-deficient mutant (vtc1) formed short roots irrespective of P availability. P-starved plants accumulated less ascorbate in primary root tips than those grown under high P. ASC-treatment stimulated cell divisions in root tips of seedlings grown at low P. At high P concentrations ASC decreased the number of mitotic cells in the root tips. The lateral root density in seedlings grown under P deficiency was decreased by ASC treatments. At high P, this parameter was not affected by ASC-supplementation. vtc1 mutant exhibited increased lateral root formation on either, P-deficient or P-sufficient medium. Irrespective of P availability, high ASC concentrations reduced density and growth of root hairs. These results suggest that ascorbate may participate in the regulation of primary root elongation at different phosphate availability via its effect on mitotic activity in the root tips.

Root growth in corn and soybeans: effects of cadmium and lead on lateral root initiation

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl P. Malone ◽  
Raymond J. Miller ◽  
D. E. Koeppe
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Cadmium And Lead

This study examines the previously reported inhibitory effects of Cd on root growth. In hydroponic experiments, 100 μg Cd/ℓ effected a 33% inhibition of lateral root initiation of corn. The growth of corn and soybean primary roots was not reduced at Cd concentrations of 1 mg/ℓ, and the number of lateral root initials in soybeans was not reduced at 2 mg Cd/ℓ. The toxic effects of Cd were ameliorated by additions of Zn or by additions of Fe citrate to nutrient growth solutions. While both Zn and Fe additions did result in increased lateral root initiation, the number of initials was significantly lower than the controls. Lead had no effect on the initiation of soybean lateral roots at a concentration of 100 μg Pb/ℓ. However, 5 mg Pb/ℓ did effect a 21% decrease in corn lateral root initials, but this decrease could not be demonstrated with higher Pb concentrations.

Root growth of interspecific sunflower seedlings derived from wild perennial sunflower species

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Seiler
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Hypocotyl Growth ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Helianthus Species ◽  
Positive Correlations

Early root and hypocotyl growth and root branching patterns were characterized for five genetically diverse interspecific sunflower hybrids derived from wild perennial Helianthus species and two cultivated hybrids. Seedlings were grown in polyethylene pouches at 25 °C in the dark for 10 d. The hybrid and days after sowing (DAS) were sources of variation for primary and lateral root length, number of lateral roots, root branching density, root fresh weight, and hypocotyl length and fresh weight. There were high positive correlations among root growth characteristics that should be helpful in selecting sunflower hybrids adapted to arid conditions. The wild interspecific sunflower hybrids derived from wild perennial species possessed less-than-expected variability in early root growth. Nevertheless, there appears to be adequate genetic variability for further selection and genetic improvement. Key words: Helianthus species, growth pouch, primary roots, lateral roots, branching density, hypocotyl

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